tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46596748055715801602024-02-21T06:39:00.554-08:00Turning Carbon To GoldWelcome to new technology we think should change agriculture to better use water. 70% of all water goes to agriculture. We can save up to 96% by feeding plants CO2 directly. 42% of all dry plant matter is carbon. They get from air where it is but a trace. We solve that problem. Please consider our advertisers as they make this possible.Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-80575875696462435952011-12-26T08:47:00.000-08:002016-02-18T09:41:25.845-08:00Preface<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Turning Carbon to Gold</span></div>
<h3 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Sequestered Carbon</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Amending and
Fertilization</span></span></span></h3>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">© 2010 by Adrian
Vance</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">This is a story of invention from concept through the patenting process. The subject is a set of systems designed to deal with carbon and carbon dioxide as they are
under political control that we feel could destroy the world economy. This is bad science predicated on the false
concept CO<span style="font-size: small;">2</span>
rules the atmosphere when it is only a trace gas, by definition insignificant,
and a poor absorber of heat energy, IR, from sunlight. CO<span style="font-size: small;">2</span> is a vapor tiger.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Water vapor is a better absorber of IR by a factor of seven and
typically has 80 times as many molecules in air thus generating 99.8% of all atmospheric heat. CO<span style="font-size: small;">2</span> does no more than 0.2% of all
atmospheric heating. But…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The control and taxing of carbon and carbon dioxide would give the
elected ruling class more money and power than anything since the signing of
the Magna Carta of 1215 AD. For that
reason and that a large segment of the people of America now want more
government thinking they will get much more “free” stuff by “taxing the rich” to redistribute the wealth. They do not realize it never has worked as destroying
initiative means everyone has less. No better example of the failure of
socialism can be seen than on our Indian reservations. They survive only with other people’s
money. Without that they would starve until they learned that America is the most welcoming country for ideas, initiative and energy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">We do not use the politically correct term “native American” as anyone
born here is a “native American.” "Indian"
is a misnomer and there are problems with "indigenous" or "aboriginal." English does not have a word for people who
walked here from Asia and Europe. Groups from both continents arrived during
the last ice age when it was possible to walk or follow the shores hunting and gathering along the way. We
need a new term like Nomadians or Wanderians. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">We also need new science with regard
to plant life as the concepts we have long learned are simply not true. Particularly, the function of
plant stomata and the role of water have been misunderstood and now are a
critical issue as we are running out of fresh water. Farms uses 70% of all water and 96% of that is wasted. We can save it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">The concepts here outlined could reduce water use 50% in the first
design application as we have shown in tests.
We have the data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">We expect these ideas and systems to
be met with resistance as old science never likes admitting what it has overlooked or fumbled. International socialism has seen "global warming" as a way to bring America
down, but these processes will use the carbon and carbon dioxide to expand the
American economy with sequestered CO<span style="font-size: small;">2</span> by a factor of three to five. This will drive international socialists nuts
as they only succeed in an environment of misery.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Use the Table of Contents to navigate
this blogbook. It is book in a blog
using the technology of the blog to present a book in modern hypertexted form. Chapter titles are hypertexted; click on
them to go to each which ends with a link back to the Table of Contents.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_681874406"><br /></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html"> Go to the Table of Contents.</a></span></div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-57892598940417832012011-12-26T08:31:00.000-08:002018-01-22T17:30:05.737-08:00Table of Contents<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/"> Preface</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <span id="goog_1924662950"></span><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false.html"> I. The Beginning</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span id="goog_1924662951"></span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_1587.html"> II. The Disclosure</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_789.html"> III. Terra Preta Soils</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_9723.html"> IV. A Far Better Source</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_2704.html"> V. Enriched CO2 Atmospheres</a></span><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_2704.html"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_506360417"> VI. CO2</a></span><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_2157.html"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"> Solution Chemistry</span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_6676.html"> VII. CO2 Generators </a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_6676.html">VIII Carbon Offsetting</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_3111.html">IX. Water Shortages</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_4891.html">X. SCAF Makes a Difference</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_17.html">XI. The Application</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> <a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html">XII. Correspondence</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-188615400905155212011-12-17T19:43:00.001-08:002016-09-15T20:37:02.353-07:00The Beginning<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">In the fall
of 1952 I was a Sophomore at University
High School, Normal, Illinois.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In my first biology class, using my first
real microscope and looking at a professionally prepared slide I had the assignment
of making a drawing of what I saw.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The specimen
was a thin leaf cross section such that we were seeing transverse internal cell
structure.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The section was a few cells thick and we saw the leaf top and bottom as well as the structures within.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">The specimen
was stained pale blue. Some areas had the reddish pink color stained lignin where the cellulose was pale blue.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The most outstanding features were “stomata.” They looked like round rooms
with openings to the bottom of the leaf, but never to the top.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> After 20 minutes of drawing our teacher, John
Carlock, called for attention to discuss what we saw.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I asked about the stomata and he said,
“They’re like our pores.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They cool the
plant.”</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">I differed
and asked, “Why aren't they on the top?</span><span style="font-size: large;">
It’s hotter there and they would work better, like our pores.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Carlock had no answer, but he was a sharp
teacher and said that perhaps I was onto something. He commented cacti have fewer stomata and live in hotter places, but the literature
attributed a cooling function to stomata. He also noted their function in
transpiration to move dissolved chemicals through the plants. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">I did not get a
full answer then and it was not until 2007, 55 years later that I would really
understand green plants.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> My ideas could
change the world, but more than anything I missed the opportunity to tell "Carlock." He would have been very pleased.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1974, 22
years after that 1952 day, I was hired to take over the production of three educational
filmstrip series including, “Energy Now” for Doubleday & Co.’s Orange County, California
production arm.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They had commissioned
another producer, a film school hot-shot, that knew no science to produce them.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The scripts were written by two Ph.D.s who knew nothing about picture production and they were not producible due to the limited budgets we had for educational filmstrips.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">I had been in
the business for 14 years, built a reputation as a very effective producer,
capable of salvage, a “script doctor.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I
took one look at the series and told the executive producer I would do it if I
could rewrite the scripts and that I would cover everything in the
outlines.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> She accepted quickly as the company
had announced the series in their catalog and they had to have it.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They would not be nitpicky about the scripts
especially where I would write them as I was an experienced, science-trained
producer and my stuff sold better than anyone else in the business.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I had long known film company
executives are business types, bean counters who feel they have to make
creative inputs to justify their salaries so I always made an effort to include their ideas.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">The first
problem I saw was in the script on nuclear power as this was pre-Three Mile Island.
The question then was all the water vapor from the cooling towers of the planned
1,000 new power plants. “Would they turn America into a steam bath?”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> That much of America already was a steam bath did
not matter to people whose profession it was to find something to worry about.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">I got
engineering data on the output of cooling towers; computed the mass of the
atmosphere and concluded that it was not only overwhelmingly large, but in motion
and much of the excess water vapor would be blown out to sea in the areas of
greatest concern.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Plus, seeing the
atmosphere as a system it was clear we would only increase the rain a little if
anything and that would be good news.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">The figures
looked good to me, but to be sure I put them together as a six page paper and sent them off to Dr. S. Fred Singer, the leading climate
authority in the United States having been the head of the U.S. Weather Bureau
Satellite Division for 30 years and then the head of the Department of Environmental Studies at
the University of Virginia.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I included a
return cover and letter asking Dr. Singer to review my paper.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Three weeks
later it came back in the return cover and on the top of the first page was
written in pencil, “Looks OK to me. Fred”</span><span style="font-size: large;">
I kept the envelope and paper in the script file “just in case” as I
knew Doubleday would want to sell this set for 20 years and it was solid evidence
of my preparation and consideration of the market. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">The paper was never needed as Doubleday
folded the film company and I got the three filmstrip series in settlement where
they had breached my distribution contract.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
I started my own mail order business to exploit them.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> That was very successful from 1975 through
1985.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> By then the computer had come to
the fore and was eating all the audiovisual money so I shifted to computer
software and shipped to Educational Images in New York the remainders of my filmstrip
business.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Then I
noticed the “Ozone Hole – Freon” controversy and none of the chemistry made
sense.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The papers were full of stories
about “ozone shields” blocking ultra violet, UV, radiation from the sun.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I knew this was nonsense as gases cannot form
reflective surfaces and ozone is not a “shield,” but a product of UV hitting
oxygen which it does down to the surface! Witness the natural brown, oxides of nitrogen made when atomic oxygen, [O], combines with nitrogen, N<span style="font-size: small;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">And, the demonization of
chloro-fluoro-carbons made no sense.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The purported effect was seen only at the south pole when by far most of
the Freon was made and used in the Northern Hemisphere.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Why was the effect not seen at the North
Pole?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> My quick conclusion was, “There is
no effect.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">The reaction claimed
to be the cause of all this havoc had very high thermodynamic demands and it
did not appear to me that the energy levels in the very low pressures of the upper
atmosphere would be sufficient.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The thermodynamics were backwards!</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Then I
later found the reaction had not been done in a lab anywhere in spite of
vigorous attempts at MIT by Dr. Molina, one of the discoverers. He is still trying to make it work, to this day!| The more I
read the more I became convinced these two guys were armchair chemists who had done
nothing, but write speculative equations on paper and prepare an impressive
grant application.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">All of this
applied to nothing directly, but it showed skullduggery was at work in
science and particularly atmospheric science.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
About this </span><span style="font-size: large;"> time there was serious
speculation we were entering an ice age caused by the increase of carbon
particulate matter and the use of carbon fuels should be controlled.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> However, the group presenting this to
Congress did not make a good case to the electeds making the mistake of showing
them how smart they were with esoteric language and math the elected gasbags could
not understand and were too embarrassed to ask.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> No sale in 1971, but in that group was one
Dr. James Hansen.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">It has always amazed me that people
in positions of authority, power and trust do not demand specialists express
things in terms they understand because it can be done.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> There is an academic kind of arrogance that
has hurt progress in many instances and all it takes is persistent questioning of a kind few students dare.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">17 years
later an older, much wiser Dr. James Hansen came back to Congress with a better
idea and reinforced by U.S. Senator Albert Gore, Junior.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Gore had written a nonsense book entitled
“Earth in the Balance.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It was clear he
was the author, unlike most books ostensibly written by elected people, as it
was full of stupid errors no science writer or editor would ever let pass.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It was clear Mr. Gore, in all his arrogant
splendor, insisted, “Not a word be changed!”</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Every book written, but his has been improved by editors if the authors
were sensible men.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">On the
hottest August 22<sup>nd</sup>, 1988 in history Dr. Hansen and Al Gore were at the Senate Hearing room early and opened all the windows to overwhelm the
air conditioning system.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Their
presentation, “Man Caused Global Warming - We’re All Gonna Die!” went over
with a stunning effect as they wisely included the demonization of carbon and
new taxes in the pitch.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> With
hypothetical cash registers ringing in their greedy little minds the Joint Committee
of the House and Senate was very impressed.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">From Day One of
the Anthropogenic Global Warming controversy I have been opposed to the idea
and people.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It has cost me a lot as I
had the temerity to propose educational projects opposing it.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I knew the idea was causing science textbooks
to be rewritten with new ideas coming out of environmentalism and politics.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Nothing talks like money
and these people have contributed to the ruin of America, but I always felt the
truth would prevail. However, soon after the turn of the century I began to have
doubt as the “Greens” were winning victory after victory</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">After DDT was banned 100 million
people died of Malaria in spite of the fact it is no more poisonous than
unleaded petroleum. It was designed to kill mosquitoes by clogging their breathing spiracles
like petroleum, but not be flammable or volatile.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It did that perfectly, but Rachel Carson
demonized it in print and the environmentalists were off and running. International socialism, aka Communism, had found a new home.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When Freon was banned, Molina and Rowland were
awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for a chemical reaction that had not been
observed in nature or accomplished in a lab.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
And, any chemist knows the “ozone shield” is a myth.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Gasses do not form surfaces!</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Only solids and liquids can form surfaces as their molecules are touching. It is just that simple.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Meanwhile back in Washington, DC
bunches of white coats started writing grant applications designed to shore up
the anthropogenic global warming hypothesis.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
But they had two problems:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(1)</span><span style="font-size: large;">
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is a trace gas in the
atmosphere and is insignificant by definition.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(2)</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Water vapor is much better absorber by a factor of nearly seven and it
has 80 times as many molecules creating 560 times the heating effect or 99.8% of it. CO<span style="font-size: small;">2</span> only does less than 0.2% of all atmospheric heating.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Anyone looking at this situation
with even rudimentary knowledge of physics will see that blaming CO</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span> for warming the atmosphere is insane.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> However, the number of people that can figure
this out for themselves is small as only five percent of the population has taken
physics in high school. It is no longer taught in most American high schools.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Working for the promoters of the
fraud is that:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(A.)</span><span style="font-size: large;"> 95% of the people are ignorant of the physics.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(B.)</span><span style="font-size: large;"> many of the knowledgeable people are
egomaniacs and cannot explain anything in simple terms so eager are they to
impress everyone with how smart they are, i.e. "...couldn't understand a word. He's real smart!"</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(C.)</span><span style="font-size: large;"> man can really affect the environment fits
the liberal, “Me big, strong, evil man!” especially if “white,” prototype that
pleases the arrogant and works so well for guilt tossers.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">(D.)</span><span style="font-size: large;"> the concept serves the elected ruling class by giving
them more power in economics and politics than anything in 800 years, the Magna
Carta of 1215 AD.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">(E.)</span><span style="font-size: large;"> the inertia of the electorate in not wanting
to know the people for whom they voted are flawed in any way.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The elected ruling class may not have the
knowledge to sort out the issue for themselves, but they do have the
responsibility to take testimony sufficient to reveal the truth.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Most are trained lawyers supposed to be able
to do this kind of investigation, but they don’t because money and power will be gained with the wrong answer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">These factors contributed to creation and funding of the Goddard Institute of Space Sciences on the campus
of Columbia University
in New York City.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This “think tank” of armchair scientists was
staffed by 50 Ph.D.s in the sciences with the assignment to come up with
projects and papers that would promote anthropogenic global warming.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">To lend
authenticity to their papers up to 40 of them would be listed as
co-authors.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This is a red flag to people in academia or publishing as they know it is impossible for a committee
to write a paper.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They may endorse a
paper, but for anyone to claim 40 authors confesses fraud to anyone who
understands the process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Furthermore,
if you track these names you will find those on this list serve as
reviewers in the journals and magazines. Thus, they have successfully poisoned
the “peer review” process.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This is a
scandal more obvious than that at East
Anglia University
and a powerful example of how money and power pollute and ruin science. They may take America down as well.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Many who get
into science do it because it is clean.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
When you become a scientist you are not working with sick people who die
on you as happens to physicians.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> You are
not working with angry, insane, immoral miscreants like lawyers and
psychiatrists.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> You are working with
concepts that work or not, that are straight-forward and without guile, fraud
or evil.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> And, there is always the chance
you may make a great discovery. Most scientists live their whole lives without doing that, but they are men who can dream.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">The whole
concept of what was happening and how to deal with it did not come to me until
I read “The Ozone Hole,” by Dotto and Schiff.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
They laid out the mechanics of big science, seeking grants and awards in
a way that exposed the whole “game” to me.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The conclusion was that government had poisoned science with money.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1971 when
Jim Hansen showed up at a Congressional hearing with a team trying to sell the
idea particulate carbon was shading Earth such that we were cooling so much an
ice age would be the consequence he was only the computer programmer in the
group. </span><span style="font-size: large;">He had written the code that
was to predict the weather for the next several decades in spite of the fact
that no one has written a program that will tell you if it is going to rain tomorrow,
in a week, month or year!</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Congress
didn’t buy it, but in time Jim saw that the reason was that they had not
included the taxing potential and that took him 17 years. Jim should pray he never gets the seven year itch.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">In 1988 when Jim came back with Albert Gore, Junior and the idea</span><span style="font-size: large;"> carbon should be regulated and taxed
rang the cash registers of the Congressional joint committee in August 1988 and our 536
Federal electeds have thought about little else since as this is global and could
lead to one world with them in charge!</span><span style="font-size: large;">
It is that thirst for power that has driven this nonsense for over two decades.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> And, it seemed so powerful in 2005 I felt they would win.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Articles on
secondary education revealed that physics was no longer taught in high schools
because union run schools could not pay a premium for science teachers when 80% who enter that curriculum drop out.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Everyone has to be paid the same in the forced socialism of union schools and science majors can make more money in other places.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">What science graduate is going to
work for $32,000 a year when he can start in industry for $60,000 and in five years be
making well over $100,000 while the teacher is not yet getting $40,000?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Add to this the loans students now have to
pay back since colleges have become socialist states and you can forget
seeing science taught by well-trained people in the public schools. Physics, for example, is no longer offered in American high schools as they cannot get teachers and few students want to subject themselves to the rigors of the subject. In my college class 80% of those starting dropped out.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">We have also been told science
classes at Stanford and Berkeley begin with a five to 15 minute
indoctrinations in environmentalism. This gives 10 to 30% of instruction time to socialism. Public money has bought the
soul of academia and handed it to politicians.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">There are only two kinds of people who take money at gunpoint:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> robbers and government people.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Therefore, I went into a deep, back-burner thinking process
and in 2005 SCAF burst out while I was standing in front of my stereo system loading a CD.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The whole vision fell on
me like the proverbial “ton-of-bricks.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I know not what triggered it.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">“Why pump CO</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span> into old wells when putting it in the ground for plants will feed them?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Deliver the gas directly to the
moisture underground where it is 10 Celsius degrees, very soluble and
stable.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The plants will cut water use in
response.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Virtually the whole concept
came to me in a flash.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In days following I added ideas of putting finely ground charcoal, then Cottrell precipitator “Lamp black” into
soil for amending and sequestration. As these things go, ideas came thick and fast,
but I managed to devise an experiment, went to K-Mart to buy two as identical
Dieffenbachia plants as I could find, put one on distilled water with the idea
that was as close to rain as could be had and the other on soda water. I hoped that Dieffenbachia was a reasonable house plant that would not be overrunning my house or attacking me in the night.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">That
experiment went on for several months and the results were significant.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The plant on soda water did much better and
after a dozen weeks I shut it off for a stress test.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I reduced the watering from one ounce a day,
keeping the pot soil moist, to once a week.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The reaction was dramatic.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">The pure
water plant wilted as expected.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Within a
week the soda water plant dropped all its leaves.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They looked like they had been cut off the
plant at the nodes.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> There was a straight
line right at the bottom of each leaf and it was lying by the plant.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The stalk remained green viable, but then
new tiny leaves developed.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The water
only plant showed no such reaction.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The
soda water plant had made a decision!</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It
appeared to have thought through the crisis!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Both plants
stayed alive, but the pure water plant did visibly less well than the soda
water plant on the severely reduced regimen.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
I started looking for other examples of plant intelligence and the only
one found to date was in the wild Blackberry.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The stalks that are rising bear flowers and fruit where the ones sent
out at ground level as runners do not.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The plant appears to be electing which stalks have the highest
likelihood of getting fertilized by flying insects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">What To Do?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">While all of
this was going on I was writing descriptions of the concepts,
designing equipment to implement it and looking for things I could modify and
adapt in the drawings and equipment when needed.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I also had to develop a strategy for getting
a patent as I knew that field was over-run with shysters and con-artists.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">I searched around the Internet and
the Davison organization appeared to be the largest “invention development” company so I went to work looking up as much as I could on them.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> As luck would have it I managed to find some
SEC filings on Yahoo as Davison had come under the scrutiny of the SEC where
they are publicly traded and there had been complaints.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In those filings I found that only one of
1,300 patents makes more money than it cost in fees!</span><span style="font-size: large;"> A 0.077% success rate is ridiculous! </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Why would anyone ever get a patent?</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Having been raised in academia
where so many things are done for stupid reasons, I immediately realized
that any young professor trying to get a full professorship and tenure would be
looked upon with great favor if he got a patent.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Colleges are places where getting published in a journal is a necessity
despite the fact most of them are printed in garages by other professors,
have circulations of less than 500 and require authors to buy 100
copies when they are published.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Of
course they mail them to everyone they can think of to impress
them.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The ridiculous fact of this came to
me when an art teacher on our campus had a piece in Readers Digest. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> This was a publication few of the faculty
snobs would admit to reading, but all did and one was to be found in every
faculty family bathroom as all were tightly bound.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> And, much the same is true in business
where an employee getting a patent will be thought to be a genius and be promoted to
Vice President over someone who has not patented. Of course his tires will be slashed in the parking lot.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">My strategy came down to a few
things:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Getting a patent would help me
to sell the concept and make money from it.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
It could be helpful in my primary business of science writing, but I did
not want to get screwed all the way to the bank.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> How could I sort the legitimate people from
the con artists?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I first tried the
invention groups on Yahoo and soon found all were loaded with schills promoting
the “patent developers.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> No cigar.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I devised my own tool for finding a good
developer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">RectoLux(tm)
Disclosure</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">The September 1, 1997
issue of the Swedish medical journal Medicska Internska featured an article
entitled, “Illuminating Internal Organs,” by Bjarne Bjerko and Perr Onnnskar. They had found Swedish people had many more
internal afflictions than those living where the sun shines during winter. Sweden is essentially in darkness
six months of the year. They illuminated
internal organs of 100 test subjects with fiber optics inserted in the rectum
and all were happy. Some were very
happy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">While doing undergrad
work at UC Santa Barbara, Dr. Bjerko had observed people who spent many hours
in sunlight were healthier and sexier, but stupider. This proved to be the
critical concept in Dr. Bjerko’s thinking.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">We created RectoLux as
a result episodic constipation.
Ironically, the concept sprang forth in a rustic outhouse where in a
blinding moment of creativity, elimination, and “wind breaking” we made
contributions to earth, air and invention in what may go down in history as,
"The fart heard round the world!"</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">The RectoLux(tm)
consists of a light collecting "beanie" with 1,000 hair-thin
fiber-optic strands gathered into a cable conducting light down the back and
into the body in a way that would be indelicate to describe in anything, but a
clinical setting or an adult-toy catalog.
The work continues: A halogen
light model for night shift workers is planned.
There will be a strobe flash version for exotic dancers and people
riding bicycles at night.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">No longer will organs
bump into each other blindly. One can
only imagine glands saying "I feel your pain!" practicing conflict
resolution and political correctness. We
here claim this to be our work and ours alone.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">Adrian Vance</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">This ridiculous
“disclosure” is in the form of communication that is used to communicate the
essence of a concept to a lawyer or development service.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It outlines the device simply, but contains
no claims.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> “Claims” are the heart of the
patent and the most important part of the document.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They determine who owns what in court cases.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">I had learned
to do patent searches while living in Los
Angeles as there was a US Patents room there and as
one trained in science new patents were always a curiosity to me.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> As well, my uncle Frederick Goff had two
patents, and actually should have had a third, but there lies a story.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Fred was an
“antsy” kid in school and did not go beyond high school. He was interested in
machines, particularly machine tools and became a highly skilled machinist
living in Elgin, Illinois, the home of the famous and thriving Elgin
watch company.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Watches are made of
non-ferrous metals to avoid becoming magnetic as that makes them erratic.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Where alloys of iron are easy to machine
other metals are not.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Alloys have “mixed
melting points,” which means they melt over a range of temperatures unlike
to pure substances which melt at fixed points.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Non-ferrous
metals “puddle,” which is related to the mixed melting points and that makes
them very difficult to machine.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Fred
came up with a tool that made machining non-ferrous metals non-puddling and highly accurate.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In
essence it involves a small roller that would press them into shape while
forging and increasing the strength of their surfaces.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> With some help he filed a patent only to soon
be called on by two FBI agents.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Fred had
inadvertently solved a problem the people who were making the first atomic bomb
had run into as they wanted to machine uranium and polonium, non-ferrous
metals, with high accuracy.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> He was still
of draft age, but as the inventor of something important to national defense he
was taken off the draft board list and the government made his patent TOP
SECRET.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> As a result he did not receive a
penny from it and after the war a German inventor had patented
a similar system there so there was really no reason to have kept his system
under wraps.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The German company made
millions on its patent as it improved European watches and clocks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Meanwhile
back in 2006 California
I did a search on my concepts and found 25 patents that were related to, but
not close enough to mine for it to be considered an infringement.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> These had come from 250 patents I had read and
analyzed relative to my concepts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">“RectoLux™”
was sent to ten invention development organizations and produced positive
responses from seven, no response from two and a “Thanks for the laugh!” reply
from The Invention Home in Pennsylvania.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">This was what I wanted; people who gave an honest
response.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> On looking at their website I
saw a bunch of “young Republican” types so I gave them a call.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The Invention
Home representative was pleasant and convincing so I purchased an official
search which is the first step in applying for a patent through a firm of
attorneys.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It cost $400.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When I
received the result I was disappointed.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Their search had missed a couple of patents I had found applicable and
they found a couple of patents I felt did not apply.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I called the office to complain and they
referred me to their patent attorneys, James Ray & Associates in Pittsburg.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It is a shop of ten patent lawyers and I
talked to the boss, Mr. James Ray.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We
got on very well and he complimented my disclosure, telling me it was the best
one he had ever seen and he had been the head of the patent department at US
Steel for 31 years!</span><span style="font-size: large;"> He worked with
top-notch engineering committees.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">This was a
red flag to me as it was highly unlikely and probably hyperbole, but I said, “You said
the magic word, ‘committee.’</span><span style="font-size: large;"> My father
always said if you want to screw something up just turn it over to a committee
of college professors and he was a college professor.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Mr. Ray laughed and I thought I could work
with him, but I would keep him at arm’s length.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Ray
apologized for the quality of the search, but expressed that we should continue
as he believed in the concept and said, “It will be an easy sell.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">During the
month it had taken for the search I had done some revising and adding to the
concept so I told him I wanted to rewrite the disclosure.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> That took a few weeks and I sent it to him
directly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A few weeks
after receipt Mr. Ray responded that they wanted to partner with me, “…doing
all legal work…” as their part of the bargain and explaining to me that they
would also take care of the foreign patenting and I knew that could be a major
expense so I agreed and we executed an agreement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Months passed
and in due course I got calls from Mr. Ray’s secretary asking for $8,000.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I asked to speak to Mr. Ray, but he was not
forthcoming and after one conversation I initiated it seemed appropriate to
dissolve the partnership so I sent him a letter with that declaration, but he
has never responded.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This could be a
problem, as we will later see.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">I then set to
work preparing a filing document after reading more patents and in this phase
discovered something interesting and shocking:</span><span style="font-size: large;">
25% of all issued patents are prepared by inventors and they are perfect
in concept and language, never having mistakes.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Attorney prepared patents in my area of expertise, all had mistakes in
concept and language with some of the latter fatal flaws in court, in my
view.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> With the patent as the document at
issue the case for or against is predicted on it, t</span><span style="font-size: large;">here should be no exceptions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_1587.html">Continue to Disclosure.</a></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Table of Contents </span></span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-48956302652010478732011-12-17T19:40:00.001-08:002014-12-31T14:44:45.976-08:00The Disclosure<div class="MsoNormal">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 18pt;">The
Disclosure</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Regardless what you think of the anthropogenic
global warming hypothesis there is very good reason for capturing carbon
dioxide and putting it in the ground.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We have developed processes giving
CO2 value making sequestration economically viable. Our systems
generate a liberating carbon economy by increasing harvests, reducing
water used in agriculture, cutting smog and using nuclear waste.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjESewWB4UJLvCgRTycVNs3_27AQXGo1etnnYXm89UqMqYNxc4AT3eoRx02yOO29AoevWoHqgFgdoRVwlKG4f9dHK7TX49iXym8dq8T4x88aw9vjFoRKBLDD8ntFlRMQskCs_aD-hg9sC2T/s1600/Pollution.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjESewWB4UJLvCgRTycVNs3_27AQXGo1etnnYXm89UqMqYNxc4AT3eoRx02yOO29AoevWoHqgFgdoRVwlKG4f9dHK7TX49iXym8dq8T4x88aw9vjFoRKBLDD8ntFlRMQskCs_aD-hg9sC2T/s320/Pollution.GIF" height="320" width="248" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> We
can increase food, fiber and wood production by 50% now and more
later ultimately saving most of the water used in agriculture.
With 70% of all fresh water now going to agriculture this means we could
triple our capacity for human life on existing sources and more than
treble our economy by turning CO2 waste into marketable products. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Settled
Science?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> We
conclude plant physiology has never been properly understood or in the
correct theoretical context. We have improved this understanding and
created systems we call Sequestered Carbon Amendment and Fertilization, SCAF™
which creates a carbon economy for the world rather than treat it as garbage. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We’re Not Green</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> In a
classic anthropomorphic projection science has seen plant stomata as
analogs for sweat glands. We use sweat glands to cool our bodies.
Stomata transpire water to capture carbon dioxide. Getting carbon
needed for plant photosynthesis to make sugars, starches, cellulose and lignin
is what stomata are all about. <br /> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A Clue</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
Cacti have very few, very small stomata in spite of living in hot
climates. Heat does not affect plants the way it does animals. This
is a critical fact long overlooked by plant physiologists.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A New
Concept</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> We
see carbon dioxide as the essential plant nutrient or fertilizer. This is an
idea ignored by science in spite of the great success of humus including soils,
the only kind producing CO2 naturally. This oversight has allowed
the inefficiency of plants to continue into the time of man. <br />
Plants suffer from a very spare source of
their major need, carbon. We have an opportunity if not obligation
to repair this error and be true stewards of Earth. We address this
problem in a new way for the first time in history.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">SCAF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Sequestered
Carbon Amendment and Fertilization, SCAF, employs elemental carbon and carbon
dioxide in several processes: We use elemental carbon as a soil amendment
for soil recovery and improvement, better water and mineral management in
addition to using carbon dioxide as plant food or fertilizer. While one
idea is very old, the other is very new. SCAF is a handshake over time of
modern science and antiquity.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Atmosphere</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Our atmosphere includes
three principle gases. It varies from: 77% to 79%, nitrogen, 18%
to 20%, oxygen, 1% to 3% water vapor plus 1% trace gases. Of the trace
gases carbon dioxide is the most significant with 0.038% which
is statistically insignificant, but occupies a special place because it is
responsible for all our food, fiber and fuel. This makes carbon important
economically and politically as it can be taxed. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where today's green plants are
virtually starving and strangled by the lack of CO2, it is amazing science has
so long overlooked a great opportunity. For every molecule of CO2 the
plant captures it has had to expend 2640 molecules of water vapor in a process
with an efficiency of 0.0378%. If this were to happen to animal
life it would have long been extinct before it ever got to the worm stage much
less anything more complicated.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Atmospheric carbon dioxide has
never before been classified a soil fertilizer, but carbon dioxide is much
more important to green plants than nitrogen, the oxides of which are the most
common fertilizer components, and it can be delivered to plants through the
soil with great production increases and water savings. The water to
carry it is already in the soil and CO2 is much more soluble than to nitrogen
and oxygen. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Until the early 20<sup>th</sup>
century carbon dioxide was only 0.028% of the air and it was becoming
dangerously low for plant physiology. Now it is 0.038%, an increase of
36% much of which is due to man's activity, verified by science. There is
yet another source in the environment that is increasing atmospheric CO2 at an
even greater rate than man, but it has yet to be identified. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The most likely source is
the vast ocean complex that covers over 70% of Earth's surface as there are
many thousands of volcanoes that could force the gas out of cold abyssal
water. An enormous amount of carbon
dioxide is known to be dissolved in deep abyssal zones which are cold, at
four Celsius degrees, where water is most dense. The tracing difficulty
arises from the fact that not only are oceans everywhere, but every carbon
dioxide molecule is like every other unless it has been in the atmosphere
for a while where some carbon atoms become C14 atoms when struck by
cosmic rays. Any sample containing C14 is thus thought to have been
in the biome and atmosphere. Carbon from
the abyssal zones would thus pass for carbon from fossil fuel.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where we can trace
carbon that has been in the atmosphere we cannot identify that which has
come from underground with certainty, but assume that because it is not
radioactive it has come from under the ground. Just as likely
sources are the deep oceans as they are known to carry a lot of dissolved
carbon dioxide, but the difficulty in making that determination and the taxing
opportunity arising from blaming man mean this avenue of research will not be
funded. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Science became a tool of
government in the 19th century. It is largely sponsored by
government and the victim of politics wherein the truth is what is said
by powerful people. This has led science to make some huge blunders
that it often ignores in passing. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Commercial
greenhouses have supplemented their air with carbon dioxide for over 100
years. They have had excellent results and no hazards to the people working in
them. If you read the popular press you could get the idea CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is poisonous, but it is not.
Nonetheless, it is not an oxygen substitute and will not support
animal life. Is the current CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
increase good or bad? </span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> The above
chart shows the increase in agricultural production correlated with the
increase in aerial CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. The full
range of gain is from 280 ppm to 380 ppm, 100 ppm, but this chart documents
only 310 ppm to 360 ppm, 1/2 of the gain and it reveals a 128% increase in
output. Some gain has to be attributed to improved plants, but most of
the increase, which could be on the order of 356% when fully shown, is
clearly due to increased CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in the air.
This sort of manipulation is a consequence of letting politics have too
much to say to science. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Corn harvests are up by
factors of five to 10 since the 1930’s, but hybridization and genetic
engineering have been done extensively with corn so it is impossible to
determine the net effect of increased carbon dioxide alone. Early work
with grasses, sedges and grain plants, all <a href="http://www.blogger.com/Lulu%20AV/SCAF2%20web/C3C4Plants.html">C4 plants</a>, were thought
not responsive to increases in aerial CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
concentrations, but more recent studies reveal they behave like the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/Lulu%20AV/SCAF2%20web/C3C4Plants.html">C3</a>, round-leafed plants and
use increased CO2 very well. Now in the new light on <a href="http://www.blogger.com/Lulu%20AV/SCAF2%20web/C3C4Plants.html">C4</a> plants it is certain
that SCAF work with corn and wheat will get good results. This casts doubt on
all old research into the physiology of <a href="http://www.blogger.com/Lulu%20AV/SCAF2%20web/C3C4Plants.html">C3 and C4 plants</a>.
This work is due to be revisited with new tools and techniques.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Some agricultural authorities
attribute today’s increased grain and citrus harvests to greater amounts
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with the added benefit of reduced water
demand as plants may shut <a href="http://www.blogger.com/Lulu%20AV/SCAF2%20web/StomataFunction.html">stomata
</a>when CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 needs are satisfied..
This infuriates environmentalists wanting to demonize the gas. However,
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 gas has been used in high-quality
greenhouse food and flower production for 100 years to increase growth and
quality, increasing production up to 150%.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon dioxide has been in
increasingly short supply for green plants over 1.5 billion years. Young
Earth had a 12% CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 atmosphere that
brought simple plants to life long before animals could live in the oxygen
starved atmosphere of geologic antiquity. It contained only 8% oxygen,
not enough to support animal physiology. Carbon dioxide is not toxic, but
it will not support us. We can tolerate up to 1.5% of it in air, 15,000
parts per million so panic over a few hundred parts per million is
inappropriate. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Green plants flourished for
billions of years converting CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to
oxygen and plant products. They were so successful CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is only a trace gas in air today. It
has been on a path for extinction as a molecular species for many
centuries. Industrial activity has raised the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 level to 380 parts per million with good effects but alarmed
people who want to be alarmed or government scientists in search of
something new to tax.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> There are 380 parts per
million (ppm) of carbon dioxide in today’s air, 0.038%. Thus, green
plants must transpire huge quantities of water to keep stomata open and their
interiors moist to exchange water for the carbon dioxide they need. Our
studies have shown that CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 delivered to
the roots causes stomata to close and transpiration to fall dramatically.
In our tests up to 50%.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 enters stomata by chance as water vapor
exits. CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 molecules are only one
of every 2640 molecules in air, but it is favored to enter the plant as it is
54.2 times as soluble in water as oxygen and 73.5 times as soluble as nitrogen.
The relationship between plants and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
in nature is ridiculous given its’ importance to green plants. We change
that profoundly with SCAF and bring man closer to his destiny of stewardship
over the planet. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Stomata Function</span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdLkiBW_yyuc1fu5sO15WdxFmHrl76WHZZ0NbwXK4tWuHyFbZ_FW8esN1Kh9WgjCAJSRTwZadJ8zKPVhNk7hkkG3wXxO0w41BBOmAiRFMt8aLJHEdtHHg6gEyXYxvWcGSdfoKpjqaY7Yl/s1600/StomataX.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdLkiBW_yyuc1fu5sO15WdxFmHrl76WHZZ0NbwXK4tWuHyFbZ_FW8esN1Kh9WgjCAJSRTwZadJ8zKPVhNk7hkkG3wXxO0w41BBOmAiRFMt8aLJHEdtHHg6gEyXYxvWcGSdfoKpjqaY7Yl/s400/StomataX.GIF" height="185" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Stomata are
pore-like organs on green plants, normally found only on leaves. Their
function is to capture CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from the
atmosphere by exchang-ing water for carbon dioxide. The exchange is not
required chemically, but more a consequence of having water open to air to
facilitate the capture.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The molecules are exchanged
easily as both have similar size, shape and polarity. Carbon dioxide
is much more soluble in water than nitrogen or oxygen. Nitrogen and
oxygen have shapes different than that of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
or water and no polarity. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Molecular
polarity is a consequence of the unequal distribution of charges within the
molecules. CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is illustrated as a
non-polar molecule in many textbooks, but one of the oxygens has two
"S" electron bonds which allow it to slide around the carbon and
create an unequal distribution of electrons. Apparently this is happening
enough to facilitate the penetrability of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
molecules into green plant membranes which present water surfaces
microscopically. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> When stomata
are operating to acquire CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 the guard
cells, seen in the above figure at "A" are small, opening the
chamber to admit air. They only need to swell to close the chamber and stop the
process. They do this in response to the concentration of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in the capillaries as transpiration
drops significantly when CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is
supplied to the roots in our tests. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> A
capillary tube of cells separates the interior chamber of the stomata from the
interior of the stomata. These tubes are pure cellulose and look like a
fishnet stocking. The plant sap inside is essentially water. The
same "surface tension" forces forming water drops make membranes
that keep water in the tube while allowing gas to pass through, but water also
evaporates from these surfaces.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> The
surrounding cells are more ligneous, wood-like solid and not permeable to gas.
We show ligneous cells here as undefined green areas.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Water comes from the roots to the capillary tubes,
"C," in plants all the way from the roots to the leaves.
Water vapor enters the stomata chamber "B" from the
capillaries. CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is 73.5 times
more soluble in water than nitrogen and 54.2 times more soluble than oxygen
thus selection is achieved naturally.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The process is inefficient because so little CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is present in modern air. When green
plants first developed, young Earth's atmosphere contained 12% CO2instead of
the 0.038% of today. Thus, the system on which all life depends is
incredibly inefficient to a point approaching collapse. The greatest need
of green plants is for more carbon dioxide.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In a fixed bond
representation water vapor and carbon dioxide appear to be different and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 non-polar, but a more sophisticated
representation needs to be seen.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon atoms are often illustrated as tiny tetrahedra with single
electron bonds equally spaced in three dimensions. A better model comes
to us from quantum mechanics where we see two "s" shells for
electrons and two "p" electrons. "s" shells are spherical
and non-directional where "p" electrons are in directionally oriented
"dumbbell" or "figure 8" shells on a Cartesian axis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The two carbon-oxygen bonds
are "p-p" bonds in one case and "s-p" in the
other. Where three are two electrons in the "s" shells, themselves
bonded by opposite spin produced magnetism, the "p" shells fill with
one electron each until all three are occupied. Then, the next electrons
join the single electrons as they are added. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Quantum mechanics indicates electrons occupy two kinds
of orbitals, spherical, nondirectional or "dumbbell," "figure
8" shaped and directional. Carbon has one electron each in two of the
three available directional "p" orbits. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Oxygen has one filled directional
"p" orbital, here in yellow, and two half-filled, single electron
occupied, here in green, "p" orbitals. Carbon first combines
with oxygen by pairing the two "p" electrons from each. It is
thought that electrons naturally pair as their spin generates strong magnetic
fields binding them in pairs. The effect can be seen with small
magnets which when put together have a much reduced magnetic field when they
are combined, but a considerable force
holding them together.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> While the "2s" electrons of
carbon are already paired they can be bound with unpaired "p"
electrons from a second oxygen as it appears electrons prefer space more than a
partner. There is a well defined rule structure in "s" and
"p" electron bonding which is beyond the scope of this piece,
but we give a link to more information below.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where "s" electrons are
non-directional the second oxygen slides around the central carbon
molecular core giving the molecule an unequal distribution of charges and
a polar surface like that of water molecules, but only when the second oxygen
is in the upper or lower position giving it the "Musketeers hat"
appearance that resonates with IR. The effect is rather like ringing one
of two identical bells close together. The unrung bell rings in
sympathy with the first as it absorbs the kinetic energy of the sound waves
converting it to kinetic energy ringing the bell as if it had been struck. When
molecules accept such energy they translate it into motion which we read as an
elevated temperature.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It is thought unequal distribution of
electrons when the second oxygen is in the upper or lower position enables
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2's water solubility facilitates
transmission through permeable membranes of stomata inner lining.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">
In another conceptualization you can see the shape and
unequal balance of charges that enables both water vapor and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to absorb IR heat energy where oxygen and
nitrogen are diatomic and symmetrical without the IR resonance needed to accept
the energy. That the hydrogens in the case of water and oxygens in the
case of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 can move and vibrate
facilitates IR absorption.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> For a very comprehensive presentation of
quantum mechanical "s" and "p" bonds please see: <a href="http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ChemistryApplets/">http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ChemistryApplets/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> AtomicOrbitals/hybrid.html
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Water and carbon dioxide molecules
are very close to the same size in spite of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 being 2.44 times as heavy as H</span><span style="font-size: large;">2O.
Such is the nature of atoms where their parts are very small, only
1/10,000 their apparent size and the attractive forces within increase with
mass, shrinking heavier atoms such that all molecules are close to the same
size. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
is only one of every 2640 air molecules in air the chances of directly exchanging
a water molecule for a carbon dioxide are very slim so plants use huge amounts
of water to maintain a water surface CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
can enter. SCAF puts CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 into the soil
water which is directly absorbed by roots in a solution plants can process
immediately. This is a huge improvement in the function of green plants
with a concomitant saving in water. We have data from experiments showing
that plants receiving CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from the soil
transpire much less water and grow much smaller leaves.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> For the 300 years, since
invention of the microscope conventional wisdom has been that
stomata cooled plants by transpiration analogous to our pores.
But, plants are more tolerant of heat than animals. Cacti and
bromeliads live in hot climates, have few stomata and transpire little
water. The function of plant transpiration is not as it has been thought and taught.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> In a study by Jurik, et al, published in 1984, using Bigtooth
Aspen leaves in two atmospheres, normal and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
enhanced by a factor of six, we see that photosynthesis is only moderately
affected in a normal atmosphere up to 33 Celsius degrees, 91.4 Fahrenheit
degrees, and does not cease until 38 Celsius degrees, 98.4 Fahrenheit degrees,
prevails. At this point the enhanced atmosphere leaves were still producing
up to 450% more product, but fell off rapidly on a trajectory such that they
would not approach zero until the temperature were about 50 Celsius degrees,
122 Fahrenheit degrees. Plants well supplied with CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from the soil should perform even better.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Supplying CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
by earth injection allows us to approximate this high level of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 concentration in the plant with the
consequent improvements in output and vigor. Again, this is very much in
line with our appreciation of the fact that a green plant is not a person and
stomata are not pores for perspiration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">
In our view the function of plant transpiration is for
the exchange for CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. Where there
is so little CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is in air now the
process is extremely inefficient. As a consequence transpiration pulls
increasing amounts of minerals and nitrogenous substances from soil which can
poison the plant. Better control of this process can return relatively alkaline
soils to farming. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The main stomata
function is to capture CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from the
atmosphere for photosynthesis in sunlit leaves and put glucose unit
molecules into the circulatory system of the plants so they could be used as
fuel or building blocks for starch, cellulose fiber or wood.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It is a miracle agriculture functions well enough
to support animal life. We will change that with SCAF by directly feeding
the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 green plants need to make
everything from root and stem to flower and fruit. With SCAF man
will become the true steward of the planet in the fulfillment of his
destiny.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_789.html">Continue to Terra Preta Soils</a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html">Table of Contents </a></span></div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-74957100264986029722011-12-17T19:38:00.001-08:002014-12-31T14:45:14.825-08:00Terra Preta Soils<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon soil amending was done in New World antiquity. It is found in the literature
as “Terra Preta Soils.” These soils were first thought to be natural in Central America and the Amazon basin. But,
eventually it became clear the soils were man-made. We believe ancient
Aztec Indians saw their old fire pits were islands of fertility in otherwise
barren fields. They expanded and linked them to make fields of
superior fertility that far out-produced anything seen in Europe.
Cortez expedition agriculturists were astounded at the productivity of
these soils. The spread of the soils seems to be from Central America to
the Amazon basin with first use in Central America.
</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The fire pits included two
things: Elemental carbon and charcoal that do not decay. Wood decays, but
the process is much inhibited when wood is even partially charcoaled.
Large particle size, grinding and cutting marks on charcoal and
charcoaled wood confirmed it was man-made material.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Daniel Techter, Associate Professor at the
Nicholas School of the Environment reported in Science Daily, November 8, 2006,
that his studies showed “…carbon in roots does not migrate to the
topsoil.” It took 100 years to remove 40% of the entrained carbon (as
wood) from a soil depth of one foot. This could only be because of a slow
rate of decomposition of wood and indicates the plants were absorbing
carbon dioxide as it was produced by decay. This is consistent with our
experimental findings.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Charcoal Evidence</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Carbon
found in Central and South American soils is a product of incomplete wood
burning and hand grinding as confirmed by particle size, shape and scars.
There were also pottery shards of Central American antiquity confirming these
were fire pits for cooking. We improve greatly on Indian hand ground
charcoal with electrostatically captured “lampblack” which is much finer and
contains the carbon allotropes, “Bucky balls” or “Fullerenes” which are of
molecular size and have enormous surface area per unit weight. This is
new technology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Fullerenes
are molecular geodesic spheres named after the designer-engineer F. Buckminster
Fuller who popularized the geodesic dome in buildings. They are a byproduct of
reduction carbon chemistry made by Cottrell electrostatic smokestack
precipitators and produce a six to seven magnitude expansion of the
carbon surface area with a dramatic increase in the effectiveness. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> As a soil amendment Fullerenes
will recover for agriculture millions of acres of land long thought incapable
of holding water. Elemental carbon in molecule-sized particles improves
soil by adsorbing of entraining water and holding it to be found by plant roots.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> High temperature carbon
reduction systems produce carbon as “carbon black” or elemental carbon
in allotropic forms. Allotropes are molecules of an element, but
with different numbers of atoms. They have been products of
chimneys using the Cottrell precipitator for 100 years, but Fullerenes were not
discovered until the carbon product was analyzed with electron
microscopes. Cottrell precipitators were an early form of dealing with
smokestack pollution. The technology has been refined over the century of
their use.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where sequestration of carbon is an
objective it is possible to tune burners to “reducing” flames in which
elemental carbon allotropes are produced. It has been found that such
processes using Cottrell smoke precipitators produce varieties of “Fullerenes”
or “Buckyballs.” These allotropic carbon molecular forms include 40 to 70
carbon atoms. They appear to offer many opportunities in nanotechnology
for capturing and sequestering heavy metal ions as well as carbon. They are
very small smoke-like carbon particles that form aqueous slurries which are
excellent absorbers and may ultimately form traps for unwanted heavy metal
ions.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Allotropic carbon
comes in a variety of forms from Cottrell Precipitators. Forms like
the tube to the right. It is possibility this process can be
perfected to manufacture nanotech components. This is beyond the
scope of SCAF, but it can be an interesting area for research and development
associated with the production of carbon for soil amending.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Where elementary carbon is a
sequestration product we can use it for carbon soil amendment. This is
especially important with western soils that are little more than clay and
sand. They respond wonderfully to carbon amendments as they did in
Central and South America. We expect
this phase of the service to be ultimately more important than sequestration as
SCAF offers land recovery in its repertoire and for the first time in history
we will put the lie to Will Rogers' axiom, “Buy land! They ain’t makin’
any more of it,” we will make more land, farm land, millions of acres of
it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Smaller Particles </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">We
know the Indians ground charcoal to particles down to 100<sup>th</sup>
centimeter, lampblack particle sizes are on the order of one millionth
centimeter. This increases surface area of the absorber by one million,
an order of four magnitudes of ten. Thus, they function at the molecular level
to hold water, trap poisonous heavy metal ions for great benefits to
agriculture. It is for them entering a new dimension. The macro and
micro worlds are two very different places. In the “micro” dimension
gravity, electrostatics and magnetism are completely different than the way we
experience them. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The CO2 Strangle</span><br />
<br />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> All organic matter added to soil
improves nutrient retention. A carbon amendment is more effective in
handling nutrients like phosphorus while making them available to plants.
Finely divided elemental carbon is much more persistent in soil than organic
amendments. Carbon atoms do not oxidize where organics do. The
persistence of pure carbon in soil also makes it ideal for direct carbon
sequestration, but we think it far too important as a soil amendment to limit
the consideration to sequestration alone.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon dioxide has been
vanishing from the atmosphere for the last 1.5 billion years. In the
period before that the age of volcanoes gave us an atmosphere with 12% CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. In the never ending series of
experiments with matter and energy that is our universe nature chanced on
photosynthesis. The process that takes carbon dioxide, water and energy
to make carbohydrates, starches and cellulose all based on the glucose C</span><span style="font-size: large;">6H</span><span style="font-size: large;">12O</span><span style="font-size: large;">6 unit, a building block product of
photosynthesis.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> The 12% CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 atmosphere was not breathable by animals, but
ideal for photosynthesis, bringing forth millions of kinds of green plants.
Carbon dioxide is not toxic, but it is suffocating and in the beginning the air
had only eight percent oxygen which is not enough to support animal life.
The life cycle of plants produce oxygen from carbon dioxide so animals
simply had to wait their turn. Our universe is one that exists with time on a
scale such that every possible experiment with matter and energy will be
done billions of times. If anything is possible it will happen.
The question is not what, but when. Animals simply had to wait
their turn. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> What you can imagine is, has
or will happen somewhere in the universe. Star Wars is a documentary film
for some where and some when. We can tolerate up to 1.5% of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in air, 15,000 parts per million. 12%
is 120,000 parts per million. A lot of time had to pass before oxygen
breathing animals could live on Earth as the original atmosphere was only about
eight percent oxygen. Plants could afford to be cavalier in the acquiring
the most critical component of their physiology, carbon. Thus, an
inefficient stomata design became a permanent part of the green plant
architecture and why evolution has stuck on this point is a mystery.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Green plants flourished
converting CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to oxygen and plant
products. They were so successful CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
is only a trace gas in air today. It is an endangered molecular
species and bottomed at 280 parts per million in the 19th century.
Industrial activity since 1900 has raised the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
level to 380 parts per million with good effects but in turn alarmed those
who's success is predicated on promoting panic, politicians.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> There are 380 parts per million (ppm) of
carbon dioxide in today’s air, 0.038%. Green plants transpire huge
quantities of water to keep stomata open exchanging water for the carbon
dioxide they must have. CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 enters
the stomata by chance as water vapor leaves. CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is only one of every 2640 molecules in air, but it is favored
to enter the plant as it is 54.2 times as soluble in water as oxygen and 73.5
times as soluble as nitrogen. But, the relationship between plants and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in nature is ridiculous given carbon's
importance to green plants. We change that with SCAF technology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">More
Food, Fiber and Wood</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">There are two reasons
for improving green plant acquisition of carbon dioxide: Increased
production of food, fiber and wood plus water conserva-tion. The United
Nations declares water sourcing will be the leading world problem after 2010
and it is already high on the list. New deserts are form-ing in areas
that could be farmed with our systems and stop the decay to desert in the
process. We believe the development of SCAF technology will then be
critical to maintaining world peace. Nations go to war for what they
need. Reducing needs contributes to world peace.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">“Aerial
Fertilizer”</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The textbooks and
papers on carbon dioxide plant physiology call it an “aerial fertilizer” or
“aerial food.” None call for an underground use of the gas or its’
aqueous solution as fertilizer. SCAF is new art.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Authors Sturm and Tape (Nature
411:546-547) declare that from 1949 to 1999 average plant growth improved 10%
in 52% of the 176 species examined in their study of the effects of increased
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. This is conserva-tive as other
studies and experimental work show improvements on the order of 30% which
agrees with the change in CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 quantity.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In the November 15, 2002
issue of National Geographic News author Peter S. Curtis, an Ohio State University scientist summarized 159
studies spanning 20 years and 79 species. He claimed that while crop
yields were increasing the quality of the crops was declining, but he did not
include any analyses or data to document the claim. He also noted
that the quality of soybeans was unaffected which is interesting as soybeans
are well-known as very demanding plants to grow. If there were any quality
issues they should have appeared in the culture and crop of soybeans.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The low quality conclusion is in question as
UN study graphs, like one below from climateresearch.com showing a universal
improvement in crop yields that strongly correlate with the increase in aerial
carbon dioxide and there is no noted loss in quality in any UN studies.</span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicoLNwgWZSVWF1BupL99oiFP-Gyckny0cWYCzJU83Ufj440ZLgnyUosIpUu2-pVdNMLxAok3W8b2oTjJ2y8GuBTxfdo791omxpOX6PNpkj5z5opyqEAc1QeuANKftzLhiZJbqv_ud3caMV/s1600/CO2andCrops.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicoLNwgWZSVWF1BupL99oiFP-Gyckny0cWYCzJU83Ufj440ZLgnyUosIpUu2-pVdNMLxAok3W8b2oTjJ2y8GuBTxfdo791omxpOX6PNpkj5z5opyqEAc1QeuANKftzLhiZJbqv_ud3caMV/s320/CO2andCrops.gif" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
The straight line of this data is
exciting as it means no decrementing effects are seen in the system. This
further confirms the hypothesis that CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
increases are positive. The output here is increasing 4.57% for every 1%
increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. We can certainly increase this
with direct application and absorption through roots.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Corn harvests are up by
factors of five to 10 from the 1930’s, in spite of corn being a C4 plant which
had been thought not to be accepting of additional carbon dioxide.
Hybridization and genetic engineering have been done extensively with corn thus
it is very difficult to gauge the effect of increased carbon dioxide alone.
Now with the new light on C4 plants it is likely that SCAF work with corn
will get good results as one study with a C4 plant has shown a 50% improvement
in an atmosphere with 700 ppm CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2.
And, where we are bringing CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in
through the roots whatever differences there are in C3 and C4 plants acceptance
of increased aerial carbon dioxide may not apply.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Aerial Fertilizer</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Textbooks and papers
on carbon dioxide plant physiology call it an “aerial fertilizer” or “aerial
food.” None call for an underground application of the gas or its’
aqueous solution as fertilizer. SCAF is new art. Plant science has
overlooked the great success of humus in potting where soil is poor
was largely due to the presence of organic matter and the production of
carbon dioxide by the decay of the included organic matter.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrsC0Z_rKfuxXS1nciOSBhj_MryrOuIq2z0ezf5I7mDasddByZyKUmwIh2X5sxYvQl9fKzvhbMLaD4BPucDX7k3n3KpvgYIbBOFDI-lJapb07pX9sKBabJUFGcVcf9UniF1Efr-f36LPuY/s1600/AGENT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrsC0Z_rKfuxXS1nciOSBhj_MryrOuIq2z0ezf5I7mDasddByZyKUmwIh2X5sxYvQl9fKzvhbMLaD4BPucDX7k3n3KpvgYIbBOFDI-lJapb07pX9sKBabJUFGcVcf9UniF1Efr-f36LPuY/s200/AGENT.jpg" height="200" width="169" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Authors Sturm and Tape
(Nature 411:546-547) declare that from 1949 to 1999 average plant growth
improved 10% in 52% of the 176 species examined in their study of the effects
of increased CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. This is
conservative as other studies and experimental work show up to 30%
improvements.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">In the November 15, 2002 issue
of National Geographic News author Peter S. Curtis, an Ohio State University scientist summarized 159
studies spanning 20 years and 79 species. He claimed that while crop
yields were increasing the quality was declining, but he did not define
"quality" and no one has reported similar results. But, he also
noted the quality of soybeans was unaffected. Soy-beans are well
known to be a very soil nutrient demanding crop. The low quality
conclusion is in question as UN studies result in graphs, like one below from
climateresearch.com showing a universal improvement in crop yields that
strongly correlate with the increase in aerial carbon dioxide and no
observed loss in quality. If anything the products of this new envi-ronment
are larger, healthier and more abundant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Corn harvests are up by factors of five to 10 from the
1930’s, in spite of corn being a C4 plant long thought not to respond to such
changes. But, hybridization and genetic engineering have been done
extensively with corn so it is impossible to gauge the effect of increased
carbon dioxide alone. Now with the new light on C4 plants it is likely
that SCAF work with corn will get similar excellent results. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">More Oranges </span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrAe8Pr1P_hyphenhyphen0BSQVD-6_vDs8TWv7iJpQkMtRanuR44ETf-gHa0xA_fD7KvdOMS4esnBBZRMSYWO4Zew4fB-KaltBQPOJeo7arIK57500mVifsBaZZr60TrJYX0taeEk771At3zZNDMCIb/s1600/OrangeTree.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrAe8Pr1P_hyphenhyphen0BSQVD-6_vDs8TWv7iJpQkMtRanuR44ETf-gHa0xA_fD7KvdOMS4esnBBZRMSYWO4Zew4fB-KaltBQPOJeo7arIK57500mVifsBaZZr60TrJYX0taeEk771At3zZNDMCIb/s1600/OrangeTree.GIF" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">In
the literature increases in orange grove yields have been attributed to
increases in airborne carbon dioxide speculatively, but rigorous studies have
not been published. From harvest data alone the correlation seems
obvious, but more carefully controlled studies should be done. Trees like
the orange, pear, apple, etc. are very good candidates for our deep injection
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 systems. We are confident they would
conserve 20% to 50% of the water normally used as well as produce more fruit.
To get this kind of benefit from such a small input in terms of time and
expense is unheard of in agriculture.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where carbon dioxide in
greenhouses and experimental tents over many kinds of plants have been so
successful increasing growth and harvest there should be no dispute that more
of this nutrient gas is good for all of agriculture.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The absorption spectra of water vapor and
carbon dioxide show water molecules are far better absorbers of infrared
radiation than carbon dioxide.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Water
molecules absorb four times as much IR from sunlight as do carbon dioxide
molecules, but the elected class can tax carbon so they seek to demonize it and
put “sin” taxes on it.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Aerial Carbon Metrics</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Dried plants are 44%
carbon with all of it coming from air. There is no carbon dioxide in ground
water unless considerable humus or limestone is present. And, in the
latter case the water needs to have a low pH or be exposed to sunlight with the
water. These are exceptional cases. With only 0.038% carbon dioxide in the air;
green plants must process 1,157 pounds of air, or 18,512 cubic feet, to make
every pound of sugar, starch, cellulose or wood.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGS_Nj9BiHWRD1SS_fEzjpNXP0HwuAy8wlcMjW8Wo42kh_s05-PN3k0ZuB9BFO5DAqwX4LiI5x7TI5AelrKcaKC3QC6SAsRClKIjGnyKgUoK1zFi_6A_CrCxaXrFMOtNgbtSZjioydXMm/s1600/Stomata.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGS_Nj9BiHWRD1SS_fEzjpNXP0HwuAy8wlcMjW8Wo42kh_s05-PN3k0ZuB9BFO5DAqwX4LiI5x7TI5AelrKcaKC3QC6SAsRClKIjGnyKgUoK1zFi_6A_CrCxaXrFMOtNgbtSZjioydXMm/s200/Stomata.bmp" height="155" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
Carbon dioxide enters plants through small leaf valves
called stomata, tiny donut-shaped valves guarding tiny alveoli-like (lung cell)
leaf organs where CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 diffuses into the
plant’s circulatory system. However, we have shown carbon dioxide may be
better absorbed through roots where CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
has been added to soil moisture.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Stomata have been
compared to our pores and sweat glands, but their function is not that of
controlling temperature. We conclude this from the fact that cacti
and bromeliads have so few stomata and they are hot climate plants. Green
plants deal with high temperatures differently from animals, a fact long
overlooked by science. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Given the
differences in the solubility’s of nitrogen and oxygen compared to CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 we see the stomata as a carbon
acquisition port entirely and one powered by the evaporation of water. How
it works is not fully understood, but a lot more water vapor goes out than CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 comes in suggesting a swap of some kind.
It may be that in order to maintain permeability for incoming CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 excess water must be lost. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We see stomata close when we supply CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 through the roots. The natural system
of acquiring carbon from the atmosphere is grossly inefficient and
we improve it greatly by putting CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
in the soil's moisture. In empirical tests we reduced transpiration 20%
in small pots where water was also lost from open soil and the 20%
reduction was very likely an underestimation of the effect. Nonetheless
there were spikes in the performance ranging to 30%, but a definitive
experiment needs to be done.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEAmAOqKXKP5eVBZL7oPCIEPvB-O_EeCWrL1ik09SJ_B0yzbN5uKaVsrzmVrrI-0_ty6uzARfSKv282bkrkBvdIBTI-X6jr2JdV-CZgaB38S1YlLr6ynlO0Zd6npGy6LR-a1hO97jBgBOb/s1600/CACTUS1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEAmAOqKXKP5eVBZL7oPCIEPvB-O_EeCWrL1ik09SJ_B0yzbN5uKaVsrzmVrrI-0_ty6uzARfSKv282bkrkBvdIBTI-X6jr2JdV-CZgaB38S1YlLr6ynlO0Zd6npGy6LR-a1hO97jBgBOb/s200/CACTUS1.JPG" height="187" width="200" /></a></div>
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Cactus
is the key to large water savings when we supply CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from the earth as cacti have very few and small stomata.
When we find the genetic code determining the number and size of stomata
in grain plants and substitute the cactus code we will have a plant that
will use substantially less water. It will rely on our supplying carbon dioxide
from the earth. Such plants will not be able to escape cultivation and
affect the wild environment. They will strangle in one generation of not
being fed with underground CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. The
concept that most transpired water is used by plants in exchange for air to
capture carbon dioxide is new and guides our work.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_9723.html">Continue to A Far Better Source</a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html">Table of Contents </a></span>Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-85519334947324744612011-12-17T19:34:00.001-08:002014-02-23T11:12:07.322-08:00A Far Better Source<br />
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: white; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjorNFXO_dYFjl0SbmnxBgNQlv2IBOXExJdq2vjQ6oTG-sDS4TReZRJt3Usgar5EdAZVHSB-YgAwqxFcdQSu9cQnaStglrhz6k9PgLkP0KktBL2yXnQ4dZtMUo18uRnKOJWlHmQefeHMFy2/s1600/scientist.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjorNFXO_dYFjl0SbmnxBgNQlv2IBOXExJdq2vjQ6oTG-sDS4TReZRJt3Usgar5EdAZVHSB-YgAwqxFcdQSu9cQnaStglrhz6k9PgLkP0KktBL2yXnQ4dZtMUo18uRnKOJWlHmQefeHMFy2/s320/scientist.gif" height="320" width="203" /></a><span style="font-size: large;">If carbon dioxide
saturated water was the carbon source plants would need to process only 462
liters of the solution through their root systems to make every kilogram of
plant products saving 96% of the water now used in agriculture. At the present
time they have to process 148,667 liters of air through thousands of tiny
stomata with pinhole sized apertures. This is a ridiculous system and
especially considering that our food depends on its function.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> With SCAF and genetic
engineering a huge improvement will be possible. SCAF will conserve water
now lost to transpiration and in field evaporation. Where 70%
of all the water is used for agriculture saving 96% of it is saving 67.2% of
all water. This will bring an era of water abundance for man by tripling the
amount available to people and industry with no new sources!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The implications of SCAF are
profound. The direct application of carbon dioxide as fertilizer is the
greatest opportunity science has ever had to advance agriculture because it
converts ground water into something on which the plants can thrive as never
before. Plants are already equipped to access carbonated water from soil
which is ready to accept carbon dioxide gas if it is injected or piped to the
correct depth.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Internet publication “LiveScience.com”
says, “According to the United Nations, water supply shortages will affect
billions of people by the middle of this century.” This shortage affects millions
of people in the drier countries on every continent now. And, the numbers
are growing. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon dioxide has been in
increasingly short supply for green plants over 1.5 billion years. Early
Earth had a 12% CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 atmosphere that gave
photosynthesis the opportunity to thrive before animals could live in it.
Carbon dioxide is not toxic, but it is suffocating and we can tolerate up to
1.5% of it in air, 15,000 parts per million. Curiously, we use a lung
concentration of 12% as the signal to take a new breath, reducing
the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from that of geologic
antiquity to what is today. Perhaps we are much more in tune with our origins
than we know. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Green plants flourished
converting CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to oxygen and plant
products. They were so successful CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 has
virtually vanished by the 20<sup>th</sup> century. It is an
endangered molecular species with 99.68% of it having vanished into plants and
the abyssal depths of the seas. A major fraction of this had been
fossilized as hydrocarbons and man uses it to recover energy stored there in
geologic antiquity. Industrial activity has raised the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 level to 380 parts per million with good
effects but in turn has alarmed government paid scientists, psycho-neurotics
who have a need to be alarmed and politicians pursuing power with panic
promotion.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> There are 380 parts per
million (ppm) of carbon dioxide in today’s air, 0.038%. Thus, green
plants must transpire huge quantities of water to keep stomata open and
exchange water for the carbon dioxide they need. CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 enters the stomata by chance as water vapor
leaves. CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is only one of every
2640 molecules in air, but it is favored to enter the plant as it is 54.2 times
as soluble in water as oxygen and 73.5 times more soluble as nitrogen. But, the
relationship between plants and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in
nature has become ridiculous given its’ importance to green plants. We
change that.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">More Food, Fiber and Wood</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">There are two reasons
for improving the green plant acquisition of carbon dioxide: increased
production of food, fiber and wood plus water conservation. The United
Nations has declared water sources will be the leading world problem after
2010. We believe the development of SCAF technology will then be critical
to maintaining world peace. Nations go to a r for what they need.
Reducing needs contributes to world peace.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiXW-wZtqT3FGvplVmLNrCxmvExsbjcJ9UzQ5W67ciMpXpSujLx6uoK5CiWLo-gt89zZ40dW64GszqlL-wpjhCWiPXlOnl8g40ZKIEIKxb4yAJ2P9MQkFdtDcdfvVjP5jGK3-h-8quwt0y/s1600/sunset.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiXW-wZtqT3FGvplVmLNrCxmvExsbjcJ9UzQ5W67ciMpXpSujLx6uoK5CiWLo-gt89zZ40dW64GszqlL-wpjhCWiPXlOnl8g40ZKIEIKxb4yAJ2P9MQkFdtDcdfvVjP5jGK3-h-8quwt0y/s400/sunset.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> SCAF technology will then be
critical to maintaining world peace. Nations go to war for what they
need. Reducing needs contributes to world peace.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon dioxide concentration
in the Carboniferous Age (360,000,000 BC to 300,000,000 BC) forests was on
the order of that in modern green-houses. Known as “the era of Eden,” the forests,
savannas and seas were much more lush and productive than ours today, but
modern environ-mentalists become hysterical at the thought of this returning.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Demonstrations with tented
fruit trees in atmospheres boosted to 700 ppm CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
(0.070%) result in young trees two to three times the size of those growing in
normal atmospheres have been done many times in the US, England and
Europe. They are documented at the “CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
Science” website: <a href="http://www.co2science.org/scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/Index.jsp">http://www.co2science.org/scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/Index.jsp</a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Previous Scrubber Patents</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Inputting
the string “sodium hydroxide scrubber automobile” to the automatically ANDing
Google patent search system returns 318 hits, but the great majority are for
industrial processes and the documents do not include the word
“automobile.” We wonder why they were included in the output, but such is
the nature of Google “ANDing.” Where a true "AND" searching
process would only return an entry that included all four elements, "sodium,
hydroxide, scrubber and automobile" the Google version produces all with
any of the elements. Thus, there were only two solid hits in the entire
list. It is amazing Google cannot get this right.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Patent
3,853,484 calls for the use of sodium hydroxide solution or the molten material
as the apparatus uses a Venturi vacuum pump to spray the absorbent into
the exhaust gas stream. The product solution is recycled continually with
no indication of when it is to be changed so the device would appear to have a
limited operational life with no way of determining when the absorbent was
exhausted. It is thus not a practical system and especially so where the
hydroxide is recycled in a way that will release the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in the apparatus where it will rejoin the exhaust gas!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Patent 3,909,206 deals with
air intake for fuel cells as it is claimed carbon dioxide interferes with the
operation of such cells and several exotic hydroxides are called for in this
application. Sodium hydroxide is by far the cheapest and therefore the
preferred one used in industry. This scrubber is not designed to
capture carbon dioxide for sequestration and does not relate in any way to
SCAF.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmY7B5cph_TP-OGTvtmwd9BAbcdh1eM58sHLGlOkXuC5CwRJSpnmbndYeqQYNYKl7I3PGI4efY2i6g5ZE6e4T182zUdSJdRnzhRHiDf0WEAVZYyxy50Ux-XdVxiYRLxuiVpLxHyeXrC36O/s1600/j0283760.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmY7B5cph_TP-OGTvtmwd9BAbcdh1eM58sHLGlOkXuC5CwRJSpnmbndYeqQYNYKl7I3PGI4efY2i6g5ZE6e4T182zUdSJdRnzhRHiDf0WEAVZYyxy50Ux-XdVxiYRLxuiVpLxHyeXrC36O/s200/j0283760.gif" height="195" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">CO2
Sequestration</span><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjprSOoRs6c0fcCHCCAx7iEtFBNNkE2OFSxJPWrb_S7vJhvcTlyVUWx6_tb2OK7pI-toxwUcDYKqQri61EXHMliQyuORXxLrtiZRwpOewMF0mNIX75QWrZ6vju__to_xzgwG9zyC2SHJhUj/s1600/OILRIG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjprSOoRs6c0fcCHCCAx7iEtFBNNkE2OFSxJPWrb_S7vJhvcTlyVUWx6_tb2OK7pI-toxwUcDYKqQri61EXHMliQyuORXxLrtiZRwpOewMF0mNIX75QWrZ6vju__to_xzgwG9zyC2SHJhUj/s200/OILRIG.jpg" height="200" width="179" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 sequestration
will be legislated soon and several methods have been suggested for dealing
with the gas. All treat carbon dioxide or carbon as garbage or pollution
and all are expensive. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The most practical
concept would be to put the gas into old oil wells for the purpose of pushing
more oil out of the rocks. That works up to a point, but at the very high
pressures of very deep wells CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is
totally miscible with oil and dissolves into it completely and entirely.
The solution of oil and gas separate as soon as the oil comes to the
surface.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhncmEKBTFRqHexyTBPIGEoFMXMtRgS1cJB5O7rDGkA4aI-WkIc9XcjgJWMdH4EGvg5uXuAhwjowmtLEgjC_XKu5OkV7JFHUnOs6BCnOlyCIVch4M28cFWa0epvEl7OXxRScVzUMx2fT3I4/s1600/CO2Tank.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhncmEKBTFRqHexyTBPIGEoFMXMtRgS1cJB5O7rDGkA4aI-WkIc9XcjgJWMdH4EGvg5uXuAhwjowmtLEgjC_XKu5OkV7JFHUnOs6BCnOlyCIVch4M28cFWa0epvEl7OXxRScVzUMx2fT3I4/s200/CO2Tank.GIF" height="193" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> An additional step of capturing the gas
before the oil can be shipped will have to be done. In all these
processes some CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 comes with any oil
recovered with the gas. Provision for recapture has to be engineered in
any case where CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is use to recover oil. For this reason
we do not expect these schemes will be allowed or considered viable.
The only other scheme using old oil wells is simply as a dump. Norway has officially proposed using their old North Sea oil wells purely as carbon dioxide vaults and has
done so experimentally. This will work, but it is not cheap and sees CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 as waste instead of a valuable product.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Pumping the gas into old caves has been
suggested, but where many of these have not been fully explored questions arise:
"What may we be burying with the gas?" "What evidence of
previous civilizations may we seal from science?" And even more
importantly with so little known of the caves could we be pumping the gas in
one end only to have it escape from another opening? That pressure
is not rising as we pump gas into a cavern would be an indication, but how
do we solve the problem and insure the investment in making a seal at the
opening we know. Suppose a second opening is high on the side of a mountain impossible
to seal? The problems we walk into with this approach are not only many,
but unknown, expensive and potentially harmful to some plant or animal species.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdLuVaxzQ3VU7MaTioCMmPd-bmapWBelP4yEPfRBHJOLsxNx9JEYYHJXapRfduEM6flMQrFhddzMAm9UjakZfEDUtLYA7w518XwL0sJoQPDg-oEVNhEVHY_G2yciR40bZkdOou1JHaFISz/s1600/Caveman.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdLuVaxzQ3VU7MaTioCMmPd-bmapWBelP4yEPfRBHJOLsxNx9JEYYHJXapRfduEM6flMQrFhddzMAm9UjakZfEDUtLYA7w518XwL0sJoQPDg-oEVNhEVHY_G2yciR40bZkdOou1JHaFISz/s1600/Caveman.GIF" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
In any case we are going to have to store the captured gas for some time
in tanks. High pressure gas tanks are not cheap and occasionally spring
leaks. One alternative is to use the solid hydroxide of our NatroX™
process, which compresses the gas as well as pumps generating over 8,000 pounds
per square inch, then wet and heated to recover the gas in the field. Heating
carbonates generates a lot of gas and pressure from a low volume solid weighing
two and one-half times as much as water per unit volume. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We are confident there will be many solutions
to these problems before the optimum paths are found competitively.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Notable Experiments</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq-xixxNSiSVFQhhwjcyHn0TAomGy8u2VahKsi6ubpGmnHIFIVh-K3-MOqoI0EGmJgNfuaXPMSONhIHj0nmJ2bfIRNWG4H44D3-8FQl33ENzh_d7emjPBwQsDpw1yBZDCbGw6fVAbrRfJw/s1600/J0180946.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq-xixxNSiSVFQhhwjcyHn0TAomGy8u2VahKsi6ubpGmnHIFIVh-K3-MOqoI0EGmJgNfuaXPMSONhIHj0nmJ2bfIRNWG4H44D3-8FQl33ENzh_d7emjPBwQsDpw1yBZDCbGw6fVAbrRfJw/s200/J0180946.JPG" height="200" width="126" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"> Pumping CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
into oil wells, mines and caverns and even under the sea off Norway has been done. The
processes are expensive, inconvenient and unreliable due to high pressures,
leaks and blowouts. Old wells are not always close to the facilities
capturing carbon dioxide so transportation costs can be significant.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> This method does not deal with
elemental carbon or “carbon black” from high temperature atomic reduction
systems, the most common method and one that cuts burner efficiency by
raising the fuel to air ratio. Chemical capture systems will prevail as
they are cheaper and produce a salable product.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In Japan the Frio
Brine Pilot test well was drilled to 4900 feet before it found permeable
sandstone that would accept gas for sequestering. At the half million
dollars these wells cost this is clearly not a practical system.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Ages of Waters</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim_s3zI1EmzC2xm6Q_AlxZxTxs9edPs19UNm-jtFgcufD-O42YKyhJKjpTUF89nzKKXpc_1gYKj1cNABfR1pCwbVSDbXrZBr9R9k8eCxdkUSYf_6TDBd59dA4jQSDCU1d8RNscqupGcrKu/s1600/waterages.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim_s3zI1EmzC2xm6Q_AlxZxTxs9edPs19UNm-jtFgcufD-O42YKyhJKjpTUF89nzKKXpc_1gYKj1cNABfR1pCwbVSDbXrZBr9R9k8eCxdkUSYf_6TDBd59dA4jQSDCU1d8RNscqupGcrKu/s400/waterages.gif" height="237" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
Water age increases with depth. Topsoil water may be from a few
minutes to a few months old considering it to be new precipitated from
vapor. One to three feet down soil usually has 10% water by mass and it
may have been a few years since it fell on the soil. Water age and percentage
increase with depth. At 200 to 300 feet it is as much as 30% of the soil
and centuries have passed since it fell as rain. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Layers of clay and rock seal
water bearing soil into channels, “rivers,” veins or aquifers. In US
locations layers of water bearing strata are often found with the deepest
levels having waters of great antiquity. The age of recovered water
is one characteristic water purveyors have missed in their amazing marketing of
something you can get virtually for free! Determining the age of water is
a matter of knowing the depth from which it has come and the rate it moves
through layers of rock and soil. Geologists determine these factors
with dyes injected to certain depths.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> There are underground
aquifers under unlikely places like the Nevada
and Arizona
deserts. Water there may not be sufficient for crops like
corn and wheat. Both use large amounts of water when the atmosphere is
their source of carbon. SCAF reduces water demand 30% to 50% for today's plants
and can take it all the way down to 4% of what it is today with new,
genetically engineered plants.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Some will see threats of
disasters and falling skies in the change to plants more dependent on man, but
this is something that has been going on for many thousands of years. The
wheat we use for bread does not occur in nature. It was derived from two
different plants that were crossed by putting the pollen from one on the
unfertilized seeds of the other. This was done to make a plant that would
hold its' seeds for us to harvest rather than let them blow away like those of ordinary
grasses. As a result there is more wheat growing now than if it were a
wild plant. That will be the future for many of our crop plants.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In arranging for a
better, more convenient to the plant, more efficient ways of getting
carbon to plants we are only continuing the great tradition of man's
stewardship of the planet.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We are part
of the environment and eco-system.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We
have functioned with the intelligence we were given by chance or design and
should continue to do exactly that.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> For
self-styled “greens” to tell us anything touched by man is bad is clearly
nonsensical.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> When we take a plant or
animal into our economy the result is more of it every time.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> There are now almost as many Bison living in
the west as there ever were, but they grazing on fenced land and not running
wild.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> There are more horses than ever
lived before and certainly more chickens, turkeys and swine.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Perhaps our greatest
opportunities in protein production are in aqua-culture.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Fish and shrimp protein is the most efficient
to produce as cold water animals are very efficient at converting grain to
animal protein.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Cows are the least
efficient, pigs follow them with fowl being the most efficient of the land
animals in making meat from grain.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In
any case, grain is at the base of the food chain and SCAF technology will
improve grain production in a way no other single improvement has.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Earth's Carbon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf6eYz-jRcNvnl34UemjpsSLgeJcBO7KdeZFCwHsG1U8GvKiRz7g7EN6Bo9rX7EkuhSrqVxxnynXL9bbN0e0GyjvPAdSWikqZTec4SLykJvxJVv8p3hm_5nVI0J5aOM5R_3a8mqIKIUT7R/s1600/PIA09038.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf6eYz-jRcNvnl34UemjpsSLgeJcBO7KdeZFCwHsG1U8GvKiRz7g7EN6Bo9rX7EkuhSrqVxxnynXL9bbN0e0GyjvPAdSWikqZTec4SLykJvxJVv8p3hm_5nVI0J5aOM5R_3a8mqIKIUT7R/s200/PIA09038.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
To understand carbon dioxide, global warming and man's role in it we need
to model Earth's carbon. We can best do that with an inventory of
the element alone rather than the oxide as carbon exists in several molecular
forms with each having a different relative amount of the element. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In the top section of the model
we show the amounts of carbon in the atmosphere, where it is the familiar
dioxide. At the lowest levels of the atmosphere and in the soil it is
found as carbohydrates, starch and cellulose in green plants. Below soil,
in deep earth, it is found as hydrocarbons in oil, gas, coal, tar sands and
shales. And, we deal with the amounts that change locations every
year for the recent period for which data exists and because the modern
era has more bearing on us than the distant past or future.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> These figures are largely from
"The Carbon Dioxide Question" by George M. Woodwell in the Scientific
American publication "Energy and Environment," 1980 edition. We
have translated his figures, originally in grams, to "gigatons,"
billions of tons as this has become the common unit of discussion in the
controversy and we express the quantities exponentially. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">|</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Note that 10^9 means 1 followed
by nine zeros or one billion, i.e. 1,000,000,000, prefix "giga."
This is a huge quantity, but the important points will be how these
change and what will it mean?</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Atmosphere</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">1978 Atmosphere - 700 x 10^9 tons </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> 2007
" - 847 x 10^9
"</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Contributions and
Losses</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> From man - 5 x 10^9 tons/yr </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Forest decay - 6 x 10^9 tons/yr </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Respiration - 50 x 10^9 tons/yr</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">
Other Sources - 7 x 10^9 tons/yr</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Seas -
2.5 x 10^9 tons/yr</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Photosynthesis
- -50 x 10^9 tons/yr</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Surface, Soil to 10 feet</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Vegetation - 827 X 10^9 tons
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Humus - 3000 X 10^9 tons
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Sea -
above 100 feet</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Marine Life - 2 x 10^9 tons</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Dissolved Organics - 30 x 10^9 tons</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">
Deep Subsoil - Inactive</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Fossil Fuels - 5,000 x 10^9 tons </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Below Thermocline - cold water</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Dissolved Organics - 3000 x 10^9 tons</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Deep Ocean 38,000,000 x 10^9 tons</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Below 5,000 ft. - no known carbon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Ocean Bottom Sediments - 16,000 feet</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Carbonates - 20,000,000 x 10^9 tons</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A Serious Question</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
The above translation from grams to tons is from the only
source of its kind we have been able to find and there is a problem. The
amount of carbon in the 1978 atmosphere is wrong for 2007 given man's activity and
an unidentified source here noted as "Other Sources." A
calculation in the next paragraph deals with it. We salvage the
data for today by assuming the additional carbon in the system has all come
from fossil fuel, the sea and vegetation, splitting unknown production in the
ratio they exist to account for the differences. This is a technique may
not be appropriate, but it seemed reasonable to us.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Earth is a sphere with a surface
area found by 4pi x r^2 and is 2.02 x 10^8 mi^2. Every square foot
of air has about a long, or metric, ton of air on it and each square mile is
5280 ft^2 so we find each square mile has 2.7 x 10^7 tons of air on
it. The total weight, or mass in metric tons of air is 5.45 x 10^15 tons
by (mass per mi^2) x (miles^2) and this translates to 5.45 x 10^6 gigatons
of air. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
This air is now 0.00038 carbon dioxide is 2.07 X
10^13 tons of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 which is 27.2% carbon
or 5.63 X 10^12 tons of carbon having grown by X 1.69 X 10^13 tons in the 29
years since the data were compiled in 1978. The mean annual addition
has been 5.82 X 10^11 tons and that is in good agreement with the
literature. But, this outcome has been interpreted strangely:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> According to James Hansen, Ph.D.,
Director of NASA's Goddard Space Laboratory at Columbia University, man-made
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in the air remains up to 500
years. He has given three different figures in as many speeches. While
these figures show a net gain we believe the gain is due to the natural
absorbers or "sinks," acting normally rather than their being a
significant difference between CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2's
coming from nature or man's burning fossil fuels.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The early 19<sup>th</sup> century
idea that man-made chemicals were different from "natural" atoms and
molecules was shown false in experiments many times. We do not
believe in Vitalism, intelligent control of molecules by tiny pilots or Divine
Intervention in chemistry. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> It would appear all of the
man-made CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 has gone into the biome as
the only part of it that is tracked very carefully has increased by an amount
consistent with the new CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in the air.
It appears the biome has adapted to the increased supply. Crop
yields are increasing by 0.3% per part per million of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 increase which correlates well with the increase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The atmosphere
has the smallest part of Earth's carbon compared to the lands and seas.
It took only a very small part of the existing elemental carbon to make
the 12% CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 atmosphere of early Earth.
Today the sum total of carbon around and in the planet is 5.8 x
10^16 tons of which the atmosphere has 0.0012%. Any natural event
severely disrupting carbon now at rest in the seas, soil as carbonates and
fossil hydrocarbons could render our atmosphere unbreathable. However,
given the amount of time this planet has been at rest the chance of any
such event coming from within seems remote unless time has been working
against us, "winding the joy buzzer."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The catastrophe would most likely
have to be a storm of volcanos around the "Ring of Fire" surrounding
the Pacific Ocean. It is thought that
such a cataclysm gave our atmosphere the 12% carbon dioxide atmosphere it had
1.5 billion years ago. That brought on the age of green plants as a result of
nature playing with every combination of matter and energy in eons of
time.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
The Mysteries</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
We know that more CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
is getting into the air than we can account for with known plant and animal
respiration, decay and natural processes. The most likely source is the sea
from the marine CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 cycle for phytoplankon
that is immense and hard to track. However, these processes only take
place in the top 100 feet of seas that have an average depth of 16,000
feet. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Below 100 feet seawater is very
cold, usually at four Celsius degrees, the temperature where water is most
dense. Seawater at this temperature dissolves CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 readily and while some escapes to the upper layer at the
"thermocline" boundary it seems that an equal amount enters the lower
levels for no net change.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> At the beginning of
the 20th century the atmosphere had 280 ppm, parts per million, of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 and at the end of that century it had 380
ppm, a gain of one ppm per year. Where the atmosphere has a mass of 5.45
x 10^15 tons every "ppm" would be 5.45 x 10^9 ton, and man
has been making almost exactly that same number of tons per year since the
mid-20th century with nature adding another 180 x 10^9 tons so much new CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is coming from somewhere not yet identified
by science. It seems highly likely that the source is the sea as it
is the only source big enough to account for the huge difference and hard enough
to track that the question could continue without answer.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Man can tolerate up to
15,000 ppm of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 so at the rate of
gaining one ppm per year we have 14,620 years left before we find ourselves in
an atmosphere we cannot breathe. Although, it would happen so slowly we
would likely adapt and produce a new species of man more like a green
plant than not. Could it be that our destiny is to be green, not have an
alimentary canal with our only needs sunlight and water plus a few
minerals? With nature doing every possible experiment over infinite time
nothing is too bizarre.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_2704.html">Continue to CO2 Enriched Atmospheres</a></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Table of Contents</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-57012832180148711892011-12-17T19:32:00.001-08:002014-02-23T11:16:33.803-08:00Enriched CO2 Atmospheres<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDN4MOD8hKhhtjCDx9F2fvd6CijJgwFwDjjT804NJN5m1vwkrxSyCN6FoxxqNmvThd2NJy0-W8-Z7TJ-E5w3tLeC8oBZNsJKvjwQyM_F8GdskY6IL3GpPXbg08EodAvqn2dbzV2z0iZzl/s1600/greenhouseinterior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDN4MOD8hKhhtjCDx9F2fvd6CijJgwFwDjjT804NJN5m1vwkrxSyCN6FoxxqNmvThd2NJy0-W8-Z7TJ-E5w3tLeC8oBZNsJKvjwQyM_F8GdskY6IL3GpPXbg08EodAvqn2dbzV2z0iZzl/s320/greenhouseinterior.jpg" height="255" width="320" /></a> <span style="font-size: large;">Commercial growers use more than five times the carbon dioxide in air enriched to 0.20% CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2, 2,000 parts per million, with great
success. The gas is made with propane burning carbon dioxide
generators. Systems sold by manufacturers
claiming 30% increases in plant production often achieve much more.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> No special breathing equipment is needed by
the nursery workers as carbon dioxide is not harmful to animal or human life
until the concentration is over 15,000 parts per million, 1.5%. There are
natural sources of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 that could produce
huge amounts of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2, but it would take a
massive string of catastrophes to release such amounts of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to our atmosphere. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 Greenhouse History</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> In the 2006
fall issue of “Policy Review,” author Sylvan H. Wittwer wrote: “American
commercial greenhouses have used aerial carbon dioxide fertilization for
tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, flower and foliage plants, and bedding plants for
at least 30 years. The benefits of this enrichment were first discovered by
nurserymen in Germany 100
years ago, and the practice is widely used in Sweden,
Denmark, Holland,
Germany, Australia, and Japan,
as well as the United States
and Canada.
Carbon dioxide enrichment is economical when greenhouse vents can be closed. It
is therefore used most often in winter in northern areas and in the southerly
latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere.”</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">This same article documents that
these systems are not usable in the summer in much of Europe
as the green houses get too hot when closed to keep the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 inside. Where they are watered
artificially this would be a good place to carbonate the water and apply CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 directly to the roots, but that has yet to be
proposed so we include it in our patents.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Our Natrox</span><span style="font-size: large;">™ system is ideal to
carbonate greenhouse water with the addition of a small, simple generator and
tanks capable of holding a few hundred pounds of pressure. This system
will permit the use of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in the summer
when most American greenhouses have to be opened for cooling. If the gas
in the tanks is pressurized to a few atmospheres there should be very little
loss before the roots absorb the carbonate ions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A New Eden?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Carbon dioxide concentration in the
Carboniferous Age (359,000,000 BC to 299,000,000 BC) forests of great antiquity
was about half again to twice that in modern greenhouses. Popularly known
as “an era of Eden,”
the forests, savannas and seas were much more lush and productive than ours
today, but modern environmentalists become hysterical when asked if this is
returning with positive effect. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Demonstrations with tented fruit
trees in atmospheres boosted to 700 ppm CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
(0.070%) resulting in young trees two to three times the size of those growing
in normal atmospheres have been done many times in the US, England and
Europe. They are documented at the “CO2 Science” website: <a href="http://www.co2science.org/scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/Index.jsp">http://www.co2science.org/scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/Index.jsp</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">C3 and C4 Plants</span> </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">
There are three types of photosynthesis: C3, C4
and CAM. C3 photosynthesis is used by
woody, round-leafed plants, which are 95% of all plants. C4 and CAM
photosynthesis are found in drier, hotter land plants, grasses, sedges, grains,
with CAM in cacti and bromeliads. It is
a more efficient, process with the first intermediary compound including four
carbon atoms where the "round leaves" start with three, hence
"C3" and "C4."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where C4 and CAM
appear virtually identical they are rarely discussed separately. C4 and CAM are more efficient in water and energy use. The
functional difference is that CAM plants have
an "idle" function that saves energy and water and certainly selected
over time in the many generations of green plant evolution.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> During dry periods CAM
stomata are closed during the day. CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
captured overnight is stored in solution to be processed when the light
returns. C4 plants photosynthesize faster under high heat and light
conditions than C3 plants, but it is now clear that the increased rate is due
to the higher operating temperatures and the simple fact that chemical
reactions double in rate for every 10 degrees Celsius they are raised.
The only really remarkable fact is that this was only recently confirmed
and accepted.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The C3 class responds
very well to additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere when grown in
greenhouses and we have demonstrated they respond well to soil sourced carbon
dioxide.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The C4 class
includes all grasses and grains. These are warmer area plants
that showed about half the response to increased CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 as did the C3 plants in early studies. New work has
resulted in a dispute over this fact and there will appear to be confusion
in the literature. We believe the rates will be found to be the same or
greater for C4 plants when the scientists reach a conclusion.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In the online science
journal “CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 Science,” Vol 6, Number 40,
1 October 2003, authors Keith Sherwood and Craig Idso present their study
showing a 53% increase in the dry weight biomass for tall Fescue (Festuca
arundacea) grown in a CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 rich
atmosphere. They observed a 14% reduction in lignin, to us the
indigestible part of the plant.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Fescue is a C4 plant and the
increase occurred when the grass was grown in an atmosphere with 700 ppm carbon
dioxide; roughly double that of today’s air. In summation they wrote,
“…therefore it can be concluded that atmospheric CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
enrichment was a hugely positive factor, made better use of the applied
nitrogen such that additional nitrogen had no effect.” </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Their conclusion is important as
C4 grass and grain crops have previously been treated in the literature as
having a physiology less amenable to increased CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
than C3 plants and perhaps less accepting of earth delivered CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 as their root structures are spare compared
to C3 plants. In this study the differences were non-existent.
The chemistries of the two photosynthetic pathways show no thermodynamic
reason why there should be a difference. This is very encouraging as C4
plants are responsible for all our grain.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">CO<span style="font-size: large;">2</span> Root Absorption</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In spite of the fact that water is not an efficient medium
for the delivery of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to soil it can be
used to confirm roots absorb carbon dioxide in water. And, we can see how green
plants respond to a new source of carbon.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> In a simple
experiment with two Dieffenbachia maculata plants we observed a greater
growth rate and mass gain in the plant watered with beverage type soda water
than with distilled water which was used as rain is naturally distilled
water. Tap water has minerals and additions like chlorine. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The plant receiving distilled
water, while always viable, lost weight during the trial where the soda watered
plant gained weight over the term. And, the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
watered plant showed an increasing ability to accept and use CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 soda water which it indicated with declining
transpiration rates as well as increasing weight. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">In this 120 day demonstration Plant A is the black graph
above. It received distilled water. Plant B is the pink
graph. It received beverage type soda water. We determined when to
water by a simple finger test for dryness so the watering periods varied.
Periods ranged from four to six days extending, for example during an 11
day deep overcast, days 26 through 37. We wanted not to risk bacteria
infection with over-watering. At the end of the 120 days Plant
A had gained only three grams, but Plant B had gained 86 grams, 28.7 times the plain watered plant gain.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> At the start of the trial pot
A had a mass of 190 grams and pot B 130 grams. At each data
spike pot A had received 60 grams of distilled water and pot B got 60
grams of beverage quality soda water the day before as there was
significant runoff. After runoff about 40 grams of the water remained in
each pot as shown in the data. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The greatest reductions in
Plant B transpiration rates were seen immediately after each watering
indicating a quick response to CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
confirming the inverse relation between the aqueous CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 concentration and stomata size. The losses were
determined by the daily weighings. They included an average weight gain
for plant B of about 0.72 grams/day. This could only be accounted for after
the trial. Thus, the actual transpiration and evaporation daily loss was
greater by that amount, but we at least had a track of the trend. Soda
water loses CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 so its’ effect declines
every day between waterings. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Outcomes</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Reduced water demand is an inverse function of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 soil concentration, the more CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in the soil; the less water will be
used. And, green plants not only respond to carbon dioxide taken in
through their root systems, but appear increasingly accepting of it.
Plants can be optimized for this system by selection and genetic engineering
for fewer and smaller stomata. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> When the mass loss is charted as
“pot B X 100%/pot A” it was clear the carbonated watered plant lost
significantly less water progressively. This is thought due to stomata behavior
change in response to carbonated water where both pots were in the same
circumstance. The only difference was the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
in the water for pot B. Both pots had exposed soil which contributed to
water and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 loss.
Transpiration difference was greater than that seen in this
trial as the potting soil was very loose and open to the air thereby increasing
water and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 loss from both pots.
In the field with delivery at one foot or injection at three feet the gas
will be capped by soil.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">
In the work we saw an astounding 2866% greater weight gain in the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 watered plant over the distilled water plant
and reduced transpiration up to 50% on some days, but the mean
difference was only 12% we believe due to evaporation from the soil. Selection,
hybridization and genetic engineering can all reduce transpiration for adapting
our agricultural plants to much drier environments than they can now
tolerate.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In hydroponic greenhouses
water consumption is not tracked. CO2 enhancement is in the air of the
greenhouse. Water is in open contact with the roots in open containers
subject to evaporation making water tracking impossible. We conclude that
our plant’s water use reduction was due to CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
root absorption causing the stomata to close when the plant received enough CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 through the roots. This is consistent
with the literature and our hypothesis that the primary function of the stomata
is to exchange water vapor for carbon dioxide and not to cool the plant as has
been the conventional concept.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Phase II</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> The original study ran from 11/12/06
to 03/12/07, 120 days which is the term of most plants grown for food,
fuel or fiber. We also thought our test plants were getting
"root bound" in the small pots. We put the pots aside to conduct a stress test. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We stopped the daily weighing,
but continued to water the pots with distilled water only to pot A and soda
water to pot B, but only once a week. During this test the water only
plant grew larger leaves while the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
watered plant dropped its' large leaves making small replacements!
The new leaves were only half size. We did not know what to make of
this initially but continued watering the plants as during the study:
Plant "A" got distilled water and Plant "B" received
soda water. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> On 6/16/07, 98 days after we
stopped daily weighings we weighed the plants. Pot "A,"
water only, had only 115 grams having lost 78g while pot "B," soda
water, weighed 165 grams for a loss of 51grams. The CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 watered plant took the dry stress much better
than the plain watered plant.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
Through both phases, there was a net gain of 35 grams for the
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 enriched plant as opposed to a net
loss of 75 grams for the water only plant showing that plants are more
robust in any circumstance receiving CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 via
their roots. The overall difference between the two plants is 110 grams
(A’s loss + B's gain) over the 200 days of this test which is stunning.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The results are remarkable in
several respects: (1) Plants adapt immediately and positively to root feeding
of carbon dioxide. (2) The response to reduced transpiration is virtually
intelligent as large leaves are dropped and replaced with small leaves.
This occurred in plants that were initially grown on plain water. It
suggests that plants starting with CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
from the ground will have small leaves and low transpiration. We expect subsequent
generations will make modified genetic codes for smaller leaf size reducing
transpiration. Selecting seeds from these plants will give us new
generations of low-transpiring stock. (3) Where the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 watered plant gained so much more weight we can
conclude that larger leaves are not required for greater or better use of
sunlight. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVoa235zJQzq-ckNaEDJN1lj_nOy1yHIUjt1gQEt4ld3NDNLgX67HDb0SxH8cT0PicfQgz6GHfQD2nM_5yuAvLx9UUg7Y56wQ_BuUIc8c84qpaSoUDBSfOPctntKUfo7Z6o_IeBbFterbB/s1600/07.04.07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVoa235zJQzq-ckNaEDJN1lj_nOy1yHIUjt1gQEt4ld3NDNLgX67HDb0SxH8cT0PicfQgz6GHfQD2nM_5yuAvLx9UUg7Y56wQ_BuUIc8c84qpaSoUDBSfOPctntKUfo7Z6o_IeBbFterbB/s320/07.04.07.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">
Seen from above on 7/04/07 the plants show how the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 root fed plant adapted by growing smaller leaves while it
gained substantially more mass and transpired much less water. </span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">CO2 Water
Patents</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Carbon
dioxide in water meant to enhance plant growth is part of US Patents 2,943,419, 3,099,898, 4,133,671, 4,632,044, 4,675,165,
5,044,117 and 5,184,420. None of these patents define CO2 as a
fertilizer. All employ oxides of nitrogen made by internal combustion
engines on tractors or stationary water pumps. All were prepared long
before CO2 sequestration was an idea. In each case the clearly stated
objective is to make a nitrogenous fertilizer solution from internal combustion
exhaust with the role of carbon dioxide undefined.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> As well, so little CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is soluble in hot water none of these include
it as a component. At best 99.86% of all these solutions would be solvent
at normal pressure, but other more soluble gases would displace whatever CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 had gone into solution. Less than
0.145% efficiency in a delivery system is ridiculous. These patents
cannot claim even that good a result as all use hot gases that won’t dissolve
in the water heated to the temperatures of internal combustion exhaust
gases. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In
each patent the engine exhaust gas is either first released to the air to be
recaptured, but released if the pressure rises more than one atmosphere in
the system as it certainly will in every case. Free release of such gases
will not be allowed under expected laws. We use captured carbon and carbon
dioxide as soil amendment and fertilizer respectively with both at ambient
temperature with no designed loss of either to the atmosphere.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> A water delivery of one ton of
carbon dioxide would require 182,188 gallons of cold water making 1,457,505
pounds of solution. This would not only be very expensive and
wasteful, but drown plants and waste an increasingly expensive, critical, and
hard to obtain resource. Fresh water is the coming crisis for mankind with 70%
of it now consumed in transpiration to capture carbon from air, in a very
inefficient system. We can make a better source in an act of true
stewardship for the plants our planet and its’ people.</span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicEZnAM4ahRZnxup2eib5CBu7FMQ8vvwKnfDvDiMpebYKUXvSx7eT4gL0hBkvjggELkzgqvOXBZwHNhWVXpO0m4T6wGpievZ7unXmkiSn03Bx0tDTDZ5vffq8W7fbWkJpB6zVzaa06R1OU/s1600/j0283759.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicEZnAM4ahRZnxup2eib5CBu7FMQ8vvwKnfDvDiMpebYKUXvSx7eT4gL0hBkvjggELkzgqvOXBZwHNhWVXpO0m4T6wGpievZ7unXmkiSn03Bx0tDTDZ5vffq8W7fbWkJpB6zVzaa06R1OU/s1600/j0283759.gif" /></a><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_2157.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Continue to CO2 in Water Chemistry</span></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html">Table of Contents </a></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-34506830647321577112011-12-17T19:31:00.001-08:002014-02-23T11:28:27.034-08:00CO2 in Water Chemistry<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp9yfFC-BWkTohZJdLZqP_kEz6iBoi8k029QuXFtfTzI9pgNH0sW30Ljq21EDIXUzamsK6lNP4p7yJd2TuNFQqA25nxCmkiJulebCCPyuUDdh271JjLZ3HnQ-s89b60Tm0d2sXDawk4Du2/s1600/flaskbubbles.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp9yfFC-BWkTohZJdLZqP_kEz6iBoi8k029QuXFtfTzI9pgNH0sW30Ljq21EDIXUzamsK6lNP4p7yJd2TuNFQqA25nxCmkiJulebCCPyuUDdh271JjLZ3HnQ-s89b60Tm0d2sXDawk4Du2/s200/flaskbubbles.gif" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"> Only 1.45 grams of carbon dioxide dissolve in 1000 grams of water at 20
degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit) at one atmosphere of pressure forming
carbonic acid, H</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span>CO</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">3</span>, an unstable substance. Ions, shock,
heat, or sunlight cause H</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span>CO</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">3</span> molecules to break apart and carbon dioxide
leaves the solution violently. Carbonated soft drink and wine bottles,
which have higher pressures, have exploded in hand with serious injuries
resulting as the small space in the neck of the bottle traps all the gas
produced. Pressure in the neck space rises to a point greater than the strength
of the glass and then it fails catastrophically.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon dioxide injected
into wet earth dissolves into soil moisture easily because the soil is still,
cold, dark and under pressure. Soil water pressure rises just over
one pound per square inch for every foot of soil depth. Thus, carbon
dioxide is increasingly soluble in soil more deeply is it injected. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> At one atmosphere 1.45 grams
of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span> dissolve in one liter (1,000g) of
water which sounds like very little, but it is 2952 times as much CO</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">2</span> per unit volume as air.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Carbonated water is absorbed
readily by plant roots. It will stay at rest until found by plant roots.
A more perfect container, storage and delivery system could not be made
for carbon dioxide. This is the key to Sequestered Carbon Amendment and
Fertilization, the SCAF, system.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A Genetic Engineering Opportunity<br /><br />We have shown green plants prefer soil carbon sourcing. This points the way to the genetic engineering of green plants that will use 1/25th the water of today’s plants! We need only to find the genetic codes sizing and placing stomata, substitute them with those of cactus or bromeliad stomata DNA code segments to reduce irrigation to that of fields of cacti as long as we feed the plants subsoil CO<span style="font-size: small;">2</span>.</span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br />Genetic engineering is possible because we are all
from the same source. There must have been one original cell from which
all living matter came. As a result finding a genetic code that causes a
codfish to make a natural non-toxic anti-freeze meant that code could be
put into tomatoes and produce a more substantial and economically viable
product that could be left on the vine longer, into the first freezes. The
market was killed for this product with ignorant fear fueled by reckless
journalists. The enemy to progress is more often what people don't know
rather than what they do know. However, this defines for authors of new
technology and invention the task of educating the consumers. Given our
era of panic power politics, propaganda and news management our work is clearly
defined and monumental.<br /><br />The opposition to modified plants is
ignorance run amok. The kinds of experiments we do on plants happen
continually in nature. We are part of nature. We are the part with
brains, opposable digits and language so we can manipulate, communicate across
time with documents, have a long enough life span that we can learn and even
better, transmit what we have learned to subsequent generations.<br /><br />The enormous advantage that we have over
plants is that we live for long times and extend our lives intellectually by
documenting our work and passing it on to new generations. With plants it
is all over in one season. For thousands of years we have done genetic
engineering with a single tool: selection. The native farmers of ancient Mexico not only
discovered the improvement carbon made in their soil, but routinely picked the
plants more to their liking to use for seed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> With a new generation every year, and
thousands of years, we can understand how modern corn came from a grass.
Go to any international airport and see how many kinds of arms, legs,
torsos, heads and hairs you see. Mother nature never quits experimenting.
By nothing more complicated than selection we have come from the
"Lucy" of the Leakeys to blond Scandinavians, Eskimos, Negroes and
more now divided into five official races.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> As surely as the sun rises every morning
we will develop plants that have the stomata of cacti and use small amounts of
water. These plants will produce our food, fiber and fuel in greater
abundance than ever with only 4% of the water used by today's plants.
They will depend on us and our machines, but they will live, survive and
thrive as we seek our combined destiny. The world is ever changing.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">New Carbon Sequestering </span><br />
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6JUwGPIa6spr7XRZDzATaLytwkohP4qPb-j-dOhD3W7bCzIXkA6Te1UXrEdYU4WO9yW4ZnD-M-fXbfc2ICcdzDuG69TPHHfunEwVnbO-FDsJjtbOoIXVPl_f3RXyXEIeWAli0H0b8ZqMm/s1600/clip_image012.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6JUwGPIa6spr7XRZDzATaLytwkohP4qPb-j-dOhD3W7bCzIXkA6Te1UXrEdYU4WO9yW4ZnD-M-fXbfc2ICcdzDuG69TPHHfunEwVnbO-FDsJjtbOoIXVPl_f3RXyXEIeWAli0H0b8ZqMm/s200/clip_image012.gif" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Carbon is chemically
bound in plants by photosynthesis and kept until it is burned, eaten or
decays. It is as sequestered as anything can be. Every stick of
wood is 44% sequestered carbon and possibly forever. There are carvings
and furniture from the antiquity of both the old and new worlds. In fact
wood is not forever, but with so much of the newer wood and laminated
materials in use and recycled once captured as wood the carbon is pretty
well fixed for a long time. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">What Will Be</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Where carbon
sequestration is now called for by environmentalists, treaties and soon laws,
carbon sequestration will be a popular and mandated business, but one doing a
right thing for a wrong reason in our opinion. But, by the time the error is
known the benefits of SCAF will be undeniable and the policies continued for
tax revenues. The economy will have expanded such that our elected class may
take a vacation from runaway greed. Taxes are forever according to
the great American philosophers Mark Twain, H.L. Menken and Will Rogers.
They have yet to be seen wrong.<br /><br /> Perhaps the running gun
battle between business and government will settle down to a mature arguing
stage.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The natural relationship between
the economy and government has been known since antiquity when in Genesis 12 it
was said the Pharaoh should take “one in five” of the harvest in order to
support the public good, protect the people and keep the peace.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This ratio was redetermined in Europe of the Dark Ages.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Europe was then one little duchy after
another.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The ones that overtaxed the
people, taking more than 20% fell to internal greed and corruption.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Those taxing less than 20% did not have
enough to defend themselves from external invaders.<br /><br />If you examine the entire
history of the United States
in terms of tax rates and economic expansion you will see that the optimum rate
has been 18.3%.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In those years our
economy expanded up to 30%.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Coincidentally, these were years of significant new inventions and
innovations like SCAF.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_NqzYCyOk0qaxvdvWN-o5V5MOudNuVKHbJAlogGmtRh-SZRSXiCf7IikmKeVFKVmo15dztAPFkBOVBm6_a9VgxT59BHumwL2WMYXkpqWIIkUvMWgwBjwcS-Ne0Mlb13cE-SsTu725WNdL/s1600/FORESTS2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_NqzYCyOk0qaxvdvWN-o5V5MOudNuVKHbJAlogGmtRh-SZRSXiCf7IikmKeVFKVmo15dztAPFkBOVBm6_a9VgxT59BHumwL2WMYXkpqWIIkUvMWgwBjwcS-Ne0Mlb13cE-SsTu725WNdL/s200/FORESTS2.JPG" height="200" width="160" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">With 2.26
million acres in the United
States: 33% in forest, 26% in
grasslands and 20% in crops we will need a
lot of carbon and carbon dioxide for SCAF.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> If SCAF only recovers 75% of
the dry grasslands for agriculture it will have doubled crops in cultivation.
With this technology we think 100% of all dry grassland and much desert
land will be converted to cropland. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Without SCAF global
warming sequestration would glut the carbon dioxide market and be looking for
places to put excess gas. With captured CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2,
as gas or carbonates, we can recover lands poisoned by years of irrigation that
left salt residues insufficiently leached for lack of water. The gas
converts heavy metal alkali to insoluble carbonates while carbonizing
subsoil may give us encapsulated lighter alkali ions in Bucky Balls.
This will much improve soils lacking humus to recover them for agriculture.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">$100 Per Ton?</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Department
of Energy now estimates carbon sequestration cost at $100 per ton. We
think this is a low figure, but an increase should not harm the economics.
As pollution carbon dioxide will certainly be taxed at a higher rate to
force sequestration. Substantial tax credits will have to be granted for
capturing elemental carbon and chemically binding carbon dioxide. These
tax credits will be salable as the Carbon Dioxide Company, CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2Co™, or Carbon Dioxide Exchange, CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2Ex™.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> There
is no end to the games that can be played with legally defined garbage.<br /><br />This is where SCAF technology
completely changes the equation and our economy.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We have a lot of soil in cultivation and even
more that can be recovered with elemtal carbon, the allotropes Bucky Balls and
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 gas.<br /><br />Where the course of events
will probably be that CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 sequestration
is mandated the SCAF people will be able to charge for taking it away.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> That will change as soon as agricultural
people see the effectiveness and economic advantages of using carbon dioxide
gas on their crops as well the special plants adapted for it.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> When the opportunity comes to sell off their
water rights for many millions of dollars the market and future of SCAF will be
assured.</span><br />
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQpDjVMeJsZ6EIVRHKo1nMPCwwkuFqwmKz7r40NN33Qlj37dEvSt4Lr32rBxOvYn9Y-7G3WKPy0D9HCoOFoaThyphenhyphenMhQWu5QI1srCY4EOJTmBheXlQFzBPQS_QcF9lZ-Vy06-Nbpwtjlners/s1600/MENSHAKE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQpDjVMeJsZ6EIVRHKo1nMPCwwkuFqwmKz7r40NN33Qlj37dEvSt4Lr32rBxOvYn9Y-7G3WKPy0D9HCoOFoaThyphenhyphenMhQWu5QI1srCY4EOJTmBheXlQFzBPQS_QcF9lZ-Vy06-Nbpwtjlners/s320/MENSHAKE.jpg" height="235" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">There will be some
multiple of $15 billion in new taxes and credits to be managed annually by the
government where we generate 1.5 billion tons of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
per year. This is more than enough to well carbonate every acre in
cultivation in the US,
recover lands lost to alkali accumulation, farm new lands and have an
exportable CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 surplus. History
shows the tax total is likely to be between $300 billion and $1 trillion when
Congress fixes it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The automobile, power
plants and stationary internal combustion engines output a major portion of our
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. For them we have invented what
we call NatroX™ systems. They are very simple, but based on sophisticated
ideas of the formation of carbonate crystals.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The system uses nuclear waste products to generate alpha particles that
ionize the air immediate to the NatroX</span><span style="font-size: large;">™
casting.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This increases the efficiency
of the carbonate formation and carbon dioxide capture rate thereby simplifying
the scrubber greatly.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The
NatroX™ System</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Sodium Hydroxide-Carbonate Cycle System</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It is
difficult to know how serious lawmakers will be about sequester-ing
carbon. The big problem will be the automobile. It is a very
popular, well-lobbied for offender that is difficult to deal with as it must be
light in weight. To date the engineering solution for efficiency has been
to make cars with electric motors and expensive batteries, but
not address the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 problem
directly. Electric cars and "hybrids" are not a good answer.
They add more problems and inefficiencies. Therefore, we propose
some-thing that not only solves the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 capture
and sequestration problem, but the nuclear waste problem as well. To wit:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> A small, one liter
turbocharged Diesel engine, burning virtually any hydrocarbon can provide
performance of the kind automobile buyers want and need to feel safe
in traffic if the car is very light in weight. The Geo-Metro four
seater, which did not crash well, but built with a tubular cage frame of
chrome-molybdenum steel and carbon-fiber body panels could be much lighter,
safer and crash resistant. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The carbon sequestering unit
is a simple box loaded with proprietary lightly radioactive sodium
hydroxide "X" castings. Diluted nuclear waste inclusion
encourages the formation of sodium carbonate dendrite branches as it
emits gamma rays on the surface of the "X" castings of NatroX™
ionizing the immediate air which encourages ionization of the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 molecules to form carbonates.</span><br />
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi30jY4yuFaNuu1VIRtbfIQ76g4nrZQOXRDvtSfKsDL_FIa-MvcexlvSAULafZ_3CzvrxY63KZHLIM42lxaydlnUpotD8NMOZRDy2393wHOA3yVZQraRWcvR8-4K1npQLnFQZAzbLfJb2fg/s1600/Scrubber1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi30jY4yuFaNuu1VIRtbfIQ76g4nrZQOXRDvtSfKsDL_FIa-MvcexlvSAULafZ_3CzvrxY63KZHLIM42lxaydlnUpotD8NMOZRDy2393wHOA3yVZQraRWcvR8-4K1npQLnFQZAzbLfJb2fg/s320/Scrubber1.JPG" height="248" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Seen here from the side the scrubber is a simple sheet metal box with
perforated tubes fed from a top box reservoir loaded with NatroX™ "X"
castings by a filler pipe leading to a cap on the vehicle exterior. The
perforated tubes are placed so exhaust gas has to pass
through pellets. The bottom has a receiving box to hold the tiny
carbonate crystals that form on the "X" castings in the
tubes. Carbonate crystals grow as tiny feather-like dendrites. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> They break off from vibration and fall through the perforated tube bottoms
into the lower box for temporary holding to be dumped to a receiving
system at a fueling station. The hydroxide to carbonate chemical reaction
reduces the volume of the gas as much as compressing it with 555
atmospheres or 8,159 pounds/square inch pressure with no energy required
for compression! </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">NatroX™</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">“Put X in your scrubber.”</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">With
a trade name derived from the Latin “Natrium” for metallic sodium and a clipped
hydroxide, “oX,” sodium hydroxide can be cast into forms with much
greater surface area than the spheres normally formed when fused (melted)
sodium hydroxide is poured into cold air for the manufacture of Lye. NaOH
fuses at 318 Celsius degrees. Small “X” figures with a cross
section of 8 mm with 3 mm long legs of 2 mm diameter will have a mass of 1.2
grams. They will loosely pack in ways with channels through which air can
pass and contact the hydroxide surface. The “X’s” have four
times the surface area per unit mass as spheres and work that much better at
scrubbing CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 compared to spherical
pellets. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Nuclear Waste to the Rescue.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The
hydroxide includes nuclear fuel waste that accomplishes two things:
It identifies the product and the source of manufacture as the isotopic
formula can be varied to become an identification code. Alpha and
gamma emissions excite carbonate dendrite formation through particle
precipitation as they ionize air near the surface of the hydroxide.
This works well as a place for nuclear waste use as it spreads the
materials so widely so they are not a radioactive hazard in any one place, but
promote carbon sequestration instead. Of course our dealing with nuclear
waste will be another large revenue source from the nuclear power industry in
getting rid of their problem. And, where we know the location of all the
waste it could be recovered quickly if needed.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">This
filter/scrubber would be substantially lighter and cheaper than the battery in
any electric car or hybrid as the scrubber is little more than a sheet metal
box with ten pounds of NatroX™ pellets held in perforated tubes. Hybrid
car batteries weigh several hundred pounds, cost $10,000 installed and
last only a few years. <br /><br />Where the US has a 700
year supply of oil shale and a greater amount of coal we can make Diesel
fuel abundantly. The Rentech Co. has updated the WWII German
Fischer-Tropsch process to make Diesel fuel from coal for 86 cents per gallon
we expect automobile design to go to small Diesel engines ideal for this system
as their exhaust has much CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. The
other immediately accessible fuel source is butanol, a product of
the Clostridium acetobutylicum bacteria consuming wood, sawdust, corn or
grass stalks, while leaving a mash that cattle and vegetarians will eat.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Corn produces four as
much mass of roots, stalk and leaves (stover) as grain. If an acre
of corn produces 130 bushels of corn, 7280 pounds and 29,120 pounds of stover
that will be fed to the Clostridium acetobutylicum bacteria to
produce about 35% butanol, 12,740 lbs or 2123 gallons of fuel that is less
volatile or dangerous as gasoline, is transmittable by pipeline, which ethanol
is not, gives about 10% more energy per pound than gasoline then it would
appear our fuel problems are over. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In a one liter turbo-Diesel
powered steel-bodied car in the Geo Metro style, 10 pounds of
NatroX™ sodium hydroxide pellets could scrub the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from four gallons of fuel getting 50 miles per gallon and a
range of 200 miles. Every refueling would require dumping 13.25 pounds of
sodium carbonate formed in the apparatus and replace it with 10 pounds of fresh
NatroX™, but the car would emit far less CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
than a comparable hybrid, sell for one-fourth the price and have much lower
maintenance costs. The system can be scaled up to any size vehicle or
stationary engine installation. We believe that with a properly designed
and built chrome-moly/carbon fiber lightweight car the mileage figure could
approach 100 miles per gallon.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The sodium hydroxide and
carbon dioxide are recovered by wetting the carbonate with water in a
sealed container. Water equal to one-third the mass of the carbonate is
required in the reaction. The mix is heated to decompose the carbonate to
hydroxide, recapturing the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 gas.
The process develops very high pressure as the volume change
from solid carbonate to gas approaching the fusing temperature of sodium
hydroxide is 1:1200, enough to create up to 17,661 pounds per square inch gas
pressure when the salt is heated with water to 318 Celsius degrees. The
recovery units can be made in any size from a pint on up. They are very
simple and output great quantities of carbon dioxide with each charge.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-y0OSo1GRtvmDsr-amynHebswh7AHPf8p5nPU_B_VqPvTRqDf-M9_JC_ZuV-6Yo1c38jPrV5XbMbaO2zrnUITEEUAWoaJqrm6ZY4G6umP8IpQ_fv2hfYI2kLcZo0yYtA5xdRDLxUyZ-kB/s1600/Natrox.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-y0OSo1GRtvmDsr-amynHebswh7AHPf8p5nPU_B_VqPvTRqDf-M9_JC_ZuV-6Yo1c38jPrV5XbMbaO2zrnUITEEUAWoaJqrm6ZY4G6umP8IpQ_fv2hfYI2kLcZo0yYtA5xdRDLxUyZ-kB/s320/Natrox.JPG" height="248" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br />The
final recovery operation consists of heating the oxide with some water to
drive out any CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 missed in field
units and make hydroxide. Continued heating with the gray Calrod™ heater, per
above figure, to dry and melt the hydroxide will permit it to flow onto the
iron roller into which "X" patterns have been cut to reform the
charging material. For new material we add a radioactive tag substance.
Every batch of nuclear waste will have a unique nuclear profile from the
several forms of nuclear material incorporated thereby making a unique
label for the batch.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The cylinder to the
lower right, seen on end, is machined iron dotted with small “X” cuts such that
the melted salt coming from the nozzle flows into the carvings where it freezes
and then shrinks to become loose in the molds. It falls out when the
mold turns to face down. The wheel is turned with a stepper motor to
facilitate filling the molds and dumping the castings as the projected melt freezes.
The optimum cycle is to be determined by experimentation. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The castings may be shaken
off by vibration and shrinkage from the cooling water running through the
cylinder. This produces a proprietary product. The number of pounds
made can be tracked by recording the number of rotations of the wheel.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_6676.html">Continue to CO2 Generators</a></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Table of Contents</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-32607891084673923952011-12-17T19:29:00.001-08:002014-02-23T11:30:33.111-08:00CO2 Generators<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The sodium carbonate product from
internal combustion collectors is compressed 555 times by the reaction
making the carbonate. As a salt the gas is as condensed as if we had
applied 555 atmospheres or 8,159 pounds per square inch, nearly three times
commercial gas cylinder pressures. This makes for a convenient
reconstitution of the gas by adding water equal to one-third the mass of the
salt and heating it. Relatively dry CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
gas will emerge from the wet salt almost immediately as the sodium hydroxide is
reconstituted. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> If insufficient water
is added or too much boils away before the reaction is complete
heating will convert the carbonate to sodium oxide, Na</span><span style="font-size: large;">2O, which will convert to the hydroxide in the
final operation where water is added to pick up any oxide or carbonate in the
hydroxide.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The conversion
produces 555 volumes of gas for every volume of salt so extremely high pressures
may be generated easily by this simple apparatus. For safety the cap is
made of engineered material that will blow off before the entire cylinder
bursts in the event of a line blockage. The generator consists of nothing
more than a sealed steel tank with the salt and water charge, a Calrod heater
or external flame application and an exit tube for the gas. For safety
the cap should be of soft metal machined to fail over pressure caused by a line
blockage and be easily replaced.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> This is very simple technology
in the application and should be operable by any workers with a little
training.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The maintenance should be
little more than cleaning the “bomb” castings and testing the pipes to be sure
they are free of obstructions.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The pipes
may require an occasional soaking as carbonate will find its’ way into the
pipes as the interior of the vessel will on occasion be rather like a corn
popper when the carbonate is heating.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
The gas will evolve immediately on heating and most of
the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 will have been driven from
the salt when the mix temperature 100 Celsius degrees. At that point
the unit will need to be emptied of hydroxide and recharged. Gas
generators can be any size from a pound to tons, used in the field to
directly inject the gas underground as it is recovered where the
process generates high pressures. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Large scale stationary generators for
tanking the gas may be constructed. The basic economic is maintained by
paying users for the scrubber's carbonate which the NatroX™ facility
reconstitutes into the patented "X" forms.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> The process is so
adaptable it could be solar powered using the sun to not only supply the gas
for a permanent installation, but respond to need depending on the amount of
sun shining. When the sun is shining and plants can photosynthesize gas
would be produced. When it is overcast or raining the plants cannot
photosynthesize, no gas is needed and with no sun none would be produced for
the underground supply grid. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">CO2 Fertilizer?</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
The dictionary definition of fertilizer is: “any substance used to enrich the
soil, especially a chemical or manure.” Proof carbon dioxide should be
considered a fertilizer is easily obtained with aqueous solutions of the
gas. And, the evidence has been on the lap of science for many
years, but ignored! We have long known that "humus soils"
were the most fertile of any and they have long been used as potting soils
and amendments, but very little, if any, serious work was done to
determine why these soils were so good. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Now it should be clear
that rotting material in humus produces carbon dioxide that the plants
were absorbing directly through the roots, but this fact has not become
part of the accepted knowledge of the physiology of plants. The only
problem with humus is that it is a limited resource. When decay has run
its' course the soil is no longer better than any other and so humus would have
appeared to have failed. And, having to replace humus every season would
be very expensive so it was overlookable.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Simple trials demonstrate that carbonated water increases
growth significantly compared with distilled water or rain, but there are
problems in using water as the delivery medium for carbon dioxide in full scale
agriculture. The major difficulty is that CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
is not very soluble in water. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Only 1.45 grams of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 are soluble in one liter of water.
Using water as a delivery medium is very inefficient as only 0.145% of
the solution is the desired substance. Where water is available in soil
to the extent of 425 pounds per cubic yard one foot below the surface it makes
much more sense to deliver the gas directly and rely on solubility to put it in
solution and then distribute it to plant roots.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The percentage of water increases with
depth in the soil. At 100 feet it may rise to 30% and while recoverable
may not be of sufficient quantity to support traditional agriculture if that
layer is very shallow. But, with soil delivery of carbon dioxide and the
reduced transpiration it brings we will convert "dry
lands" to full cultivation. Genetically engineered plants may
eventually reduce water demand to 4% of that now used by cultivated plants.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In The Greenhouse</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
The greenhouse is a special case where we recommend
carbonating water used for the plants as it will increase production
substantially and permit the cooling ventilation to be use without losing CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 or getting into trouble under the coming
source restrictions. We claim this use of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
in our system patents as it has never before been recommended or used to our
knowledge. Saturating water with CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
can be done quickly and easily in a tank that can take a few hundred pounds
pressure and the provided under high pressure with a simple <a href="http://www.blogger.com/Lulu%20AV/SCAF2%20web/NatroXSystem.html">NatroX™</a> generator.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Nevada Wheat Belt</span><br />
<br />
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</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">There is rumored to be
a subterranean river under much of Nevada,
one of the driest states in the nation. Given the mountains bordering this
state it seems possible. How adequate or extensive this water source may
be remains to be seen, but SCAF offers a way to utilize it for farming where
only four percent of the water normally required would be needed to grow a
genetically engineered wheat having few stomata and SCAF CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A
Management Issue</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The question of what
happens when we use old water has an answer in past experience where older
water moves in to replace that we pumped out. Tapped aquifers
recover. How well and how soon is determined by test, but we have
all the tools needed for good management.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In a study published in 1984
by Jurik, et al, it was seen that aerial CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
enrichment increased photosynthesis up to 450% as well as adapted the plants to
a much higher temperature environment than they were normally cultivated. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where SCAF should improve by
50% the production of today’s grain plants immediately and do more in the
future, Nevada
could become a big grain state if the legendary water is there. Genetic
engineering and SCAF may well make Nevada
the ocean of wheat that feeds the world. There is no engine of economics,
peace or politics greater than grain. Our future farms may be served by
robot machines working round the clock.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">How Much CO2?</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It is a simple matter
to determine the amount of usable water in soil for SCAF. Dig down 18
inches, make a golf ball sized clod and put it in a Ziploc sealing plastic
bag. Remove the clod from the bag and weigh it in the lab, put it in
a weighed metal pan, roast it in an oven at 220 degrees for one hour.
Cool and weigh it again. The difference is the water mass. This
figure can be used to compute how much gas may be sequestered in a given area
where each cubic yard of soil contains several hundred pounds of water.
Each pound of water can absorb about half a gallon of carbon dioxide gas at one
atmosphere.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> To determine how much gas to
put through the nozzles we need only dig to the depth of the spike or permanent
pipes, take samples of the soil and seal them in plastic bags to prevent
evaporation. In the lab remove soil from the bags, weigh it, bake in an oven
for one hour at 220 degrees F, cool and weigh the soil again to determine the
percentage water in the soil.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Most soils have a density of
about 2.5 g/ml or 4219 pounds per cubic yard 422 pounds of which will be water
that will take 16 pounds of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 or 4027
liters at 20 Celsius degrees. At a depth of 18 inches and spacing of 30
to 36 inches each spike will cover a bit more than one cubic yard per running
yard. At three miles per hour each spike should inject about 1/2 cubic
yard per second and should be able to plant about eight pounds of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 per second or one long ton every 4.58
minutes.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Molecular Cohesion</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The amount of water in the soil
does not tell the whole story. A cubic yard of soil with 10% water will
take much more than 16 pounds of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2.
All molecules have a tendency to stay with their own kind we think
because of the similarity in surfaces and the cohesive attractive forces
between them. We see this in the virtually infinite friction between the
iron wheel of a steam locomotive and the iron rail. Both surfaces must be
brightly polished for the effect, but when pressed together with the weight of
the locomotive the two are virtually inseparable, but the wheel can roll.
Without this odd effect trains would never have been developed.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The affect appears again in
the formation of a surface skin on fluids like water where they meet air.
Where we cannot see down to the size of one water molecule, but could for
more an object more than ten molecules wide we believe this layer, or skin, is
more than ten molecules deep as it is clearly visible. The water
molecules in it are clearly packed as if it were solid. And, the density
of this layer is greater than that of steel as small steel objects like razor
blades, pins and needles float on it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Cohesion forms and holds
bubbles that eventually dissolve in migrating water to get into plants in the
soil. The degree this improves the carrying capacity of soil has
to be determined experimentally because soils are different in their
characteristics. A management program will include testing the soil for
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 leakage after application with
progressive increases until the capacity limit is found.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In a
permanent underground distribution system you will estimate based on an
effective diffusion radius of about one foot and compute how much gas that soil
can take in each feeding. Gas injections should probably follow water
injections by one day to give the fluid time to diffuse away from the injection
tubing and better receive the gas which prefers still water. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Harrow wheels and
perhaps a heavy roller following the spikes can restore ripped soil to cap and
seal gas in the earth preventing escape from an open furrow. Where
this modification is only used for injection and not lifting it should have
much less pulling resistance to tractors than subsoil plows with lifting and
turning plows. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Subsoil
Fertilization</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Subsoil plowing
is done to bring deep soil with minerals up to the surface, dig underground
water pathways to the surface and bury soil poisoned by accumulated salts to
put them in contact with moisture for leaching and to control deep soil pests
by suffocating small animals and insects as well as poison subsoil bacteria
with surface alkali. This is quite a lot to be done with long spikes in the
ground. SCAF salesmen may say, “Not since the invention of the penis has
so much fertilization been owed to so few by so many," but then
salesmen are an earthy lot even when paying tribute to Winston Churchill.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> These plows can be adapted to
deliver carbon dioxide for subsoil fertilization. The plow spikes may be
drilled, channeled or piped to carry gas for subsoil deposit. With a
spike instead of a triangular delta wing-like lifting plow blade there will be
no topsoil disruption for no-till farming.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> We believe
that sub-soil delivery will be attractive in the beginning, but it
will become obvious that additional applications will be needed during the
growing season and they will be difficult to impossible with tall plants like
corn. With immature soybeans in rows or many other field crops
supplementation will be possible, but permanent installations will look
attractive when the net effects of SCAF are seen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Leakage?</span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
We have no field data for SCAF, but ammonia gas has been injected into soil for
60 years and in the literature we found, “The Minnesota study found that fields
treated with anhydrous ammonia had two to four times the nitrous oxide losses
compared to urea ammonium nitrate or pelleted urea. If the ammonia was injected
more than four inches below the soil surface, however, nitrous oxide emissions
were lower in no-till fields than in conventional or conservation-till
fields.” </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
This suggests that soil leakage was negligible in ammonia at the very shallow
depth of “more than four inches.” Ammonia is very soluble in water and
the product ammonium hydroxide is stable. Nitrous oxide is much less
soluble, but was injected and held efficiently by simply going deeper. We are
calling for injection at a depth of 18 inches, to insure good cover, with
immediate harrowing to close the furrow so we expect our gas losses to be
approach zero. Normal soil moisture will absorb the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to make carbonic acid which is stable in
still, dark cold water with a 62 g/mole molecule that is going to diffuse at a
rate 1/12<sup>th</sup> that of water vapor per Graham’s law so it will remain
in place. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_6367.html">Continue to Carbon Offsetting</a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html">Table of Contents </a></span></div>
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Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-9288326190509543342011-12-17T19:26:00.001-08:002014-02-23T11:33:57.507-08:00Carbon Offsetting<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The
Carbon Offsetting Company – CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">Co™</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">It is becoming popular
for public figures to buy “carbon offsets.” These are compensations
for having burned carbon in private jets, SUV’s and other internal
combustion extravagances. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBpppfC99TygxD5sMvunuugKB1ZeoAKL__YevG7jyuXDSsSgJ8JgEjjo-A9M2X3Xbkmsnsf1_ko8wmcZJdDDEaE9wXRIVX_doaylkXMa_UrMY0HQLInvFym0AWkni9tgC8wYo0ZNujAeju/s1600/FORESTS2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBpppfC99TygxD5sMvunuugKB1ZeoAKL__YevG7jyuXDSsSgJ8JgEjjo-A9M2X3Xbkmsnsf1_ko8wmcZJdDDEaE9wXRIVX_doaylkXMa_UrMY0HQLInvFym0AWkni9tgC8wYo0ZNujAeju/s320/FORESTS2.JPG" height="320" width="257" /></a><span style="font-size: large;">The usual offset is tree planting, but few are
documented and many such operations are suspected to be fraudulent. We
expect new legislation on that point soon as none of these organizations will
be able to show dedicated tree plantings adequate to offset carbon in the
manner advertised. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The prototype tree planted is
a pine because they are fast growing, but from seedling to a significant tree
is ten years. They live about 60 years and are then harvested for wood,
pulp for paper or peeled for plywood.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In its' prime a pine tree is from one to two feet in diameter and grows about a
foot a year. It is a long cone shape and has about an equal volume of
limb and twig wood. The total volume of grown wood is about six cubic
feet or 186 pounds of it which includes a little over 80 lbs of captured
carbon.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> The average US automobile burns about 1,000
gallons of gasoline per year putting about 5000 pounds of carbon in the air.
If a tree sequesters 80 pounds it takes 63 trees to account for one
automobile. And, the typical family has two plus uses enough energy to
account for another one or two. Thus, the idea of "planting a tree to
account for your carbon footprint," is ridiculous. For a typical
family we would need to plant 250 trees and there is not enough land for
growing trees to take care of the 60 million vehicles and 75 millions homes.
With planting and tending costs of only $20 per tree we would need $5,000
per family to account for their carbon footprint dealing with it in this
manner.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Where so many buyers of such
offsets are public figures this could become a source of many scandals, but
most of the carbon offset buyers are left-wing liberals so the press will quash
the stories. There is a limit to how many trees can be planted securely
or in a way that guarantees maturity. Anything short of this will
constitute fraud.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Precipitated carbon black is perfect for
offsetting as it can be buried for soil amending and guaranteed to remain in
perpetuity. It does not oxidize. This should ameliorate the guilt
of any private jet owning green or limousine liberal as well as comprise an
easily documented business. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The Carbon Offsetting
Company can sell certified carbon offset documents stating that it has put a
certain amount of elemental carbon into bad soil of a certain location for a
named client in return for X dollars. The certificate should be suitable
for framing and may be put on the wall of the properly shamed carbon “bigfoot”
in order that he may feel welcome at Sierra Club meetings.
Publication of client names should drive customers to the rolls of Carbon
Offsetting, Inc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The Economics</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A
gallon of gasoline contains almost exactly five pounds of carbon. It the
average car owner drives 15,000 miles/year getting 15 miles/gallon in his SUV
then he is using 1,000 gallons and putting 5,000 pounds of carbon in the
air. We can offset his carbon footprint by burying 5,000 pounds of carbon
recovered from a chimney for a charge of $1 per pound burying and mixing it in Nevada alkali soil, give
him a very nice certificate with a gold seal on it for his office wall, the
landowner a big bill for recovering his land and everybody is happy.</span><br />
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Permanent CO2 Delivery Installations</span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">We
recommend installing a manifold and ranks of underground tubing in the manner
of a drip system, but under ground for alternating CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 and water distribution. A 12 to 18 inch depth seems
ideal as seeds are installed at a few inches. The actual depth varies
from one plant species to another, but the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 must
be released at a depth sufficient to insure capture by moisture present in
the soil. The technology of the new systems is sufficiently like
the old above-ground systems that no great difficulties are anticipated
installing the systems.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We have designed a </span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/Lulu%20AV/SCAF2%20web/DonutValve.html"><span style="color: black;">stomata-like valve</span></a></span><span style="font-size: large;"> for CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 and water dispensing with the idea it will
make very long lines for crop rows practical. The ideal crop row is long
because there is time loss with equipment having to turn around at the end, but
very long water and gas delivery lines give much more to the end near the
source than at the end of the line. Our valve is made with a permeable
plastic that swells shut after a certain amount of water or gas passes through.
If we can design these valves sufficiently well they will all shut when
the correct amount of gas or fluid has passed and we can use the rise in
pressure to signal a shutoff.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Plants
give good indication of their condition with color and curl of leaves.
The broad-leafed plants are easy to read. If they need water or CO2
the leaves will curl at the edges obviously. Corn and wheat are not such
good indicators. The leaves curl when they are distressed, but it is
harder to see as they are normally curled. If they turn brown the plant
is pretty well gone so we will have developed monitoring systems to determine
the frequency and quantities of water and gas needed for optimum growth.</span><br />
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Gas The Pests</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Drip
systems save water by controlling weeds dehydrating them only inches from
watered plants. An underground design would control weeds, rodents and
insect pests if row crops were planted directly over the watering and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 fertilizing tubes. The gas will chase
or suffocate rodents and insects in the root perimeter. Water and gas are
dispensed in a way and in quantities that limit both to the area normally
covered by the roots. Cutting water beyond the plant root perimeter dries weeds
to extinction for total pest and weed control as a benefit.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Donut
Valve</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">
Taking a cue from stomata, a donut-shaped valve of permeable
plastic that swells on soaking with carbon dioxide or water could be used in a
large field system employing long underground tubes or pipes for carbon dioxide
gas or water. Water and carbon dioxide molecules have charge polarity,
but water has a boiling point for a molecular weight of 100 grams/mole.
This suggests a water allotrope with five or six water molecules as the
likely form. Other properties, like expansion on freezing and crystallization
patterns indicate the existence of molecular allotropic forms to support the
idea.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Micropore Plastics of Tucker,
GA makes a plastic that will probably work in this application, but it has not
been tested for the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 reaction. A
plastic permeable to such a large water molecule should behave similarly to
carbon dioxide where water is 509 times as dense as CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. The gas will more easily enter the plastic. Such
material should swell on exposure to water or CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
and constrict or stop the flow after sufficient exposure to entrain enough
water or gas. When dispersal stops diffusion will empty the donut and
open the valve in due course.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In use the openings
near the source manifold would soak first and swell shut as long as the gas or
water continued to pass as it progressively constricted to reduce flow so the
bulk of the gas or water in the tube would continue on. This would permit
the tubes to be several hundred feet long and function well enough to water or
gas the area evenly from one manifold instead of many thus reducing cost of
installation and maintenance.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> For fixed injection
applications the use of carbon powder slurry is not recommended for the
water/CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 manifold system.
Elemental carbon does not migrate as it is insoluble. All carbon
amendments to soil should be done before piping is put in place or between the
rows if advantageous. Accurate end markers could guide robot seeding,
weeding and spraying equipment to place seeds directly over the tubes in the
soil.</span><br />
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Robot Farming</span><br />
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">
With accurate field navigation controlled by row end posts it will be
possible to service SCAF fields by
keeping rolling injectors in the channels between the rows with the work done
entirely by tractor robots. This will be less expensive at the onset of carbon dioxide supplementation, but once the concept is profitable
it will be advantageous to install permanent underground systems as they place
the gas or water directly under the plants at lower servicing cost.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Weeds and pests can better be controlled with gas and water injection under the
plants as this keeps the row areas between dry and unfertilized. But,
equipment working between the rows can be made inexpensively to get the concept
in the fields. Of necessity it will use more CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 as areas between the plants will have to be saturated with the
gas in order to insure diffusion to the plants.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In the case of recovering
soils we will need to plow and treat the entire field once for carbon
amending. Where carbon does not migrate or diffuse we cannot achieve
amending without full deep plowing. Once settled the field can be set up
for robot farming with stakes or whatever positioning technology is
available. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Soil Recovery</span><br />
</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span> </div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Soil
poisoned by alkali can be recovered by the addition of carbon and carbon
dioxide where the latter lowers soil pH toward neutral when H</span><span style="font-size: large;">2CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">3 acid
is formed. It also forms insoluble carbonates from calcium, iron and
heavy metal salts further sequestering carbon as well as keeping poisonous ions
from plants in a double benefit. CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
injection will recover soil lost to years of irrigation salt accumulation by
forming insoluble carbonates with H</span><span style="font-size: large;">2CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">3. There are thousands of such acres in
the south western United
States. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The online publication, “The
Future Pundit” issue of 2/17/2004 has a statement by Dr. William Schlesinger,
Professor of Biochemistry and Dean of the Nicholas School
of the Environment and Earth Sciences. He wrote: “One advantage the
plants may have in dry years is that with more CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
in the atmosphere the leaves do not have to open their pores as much to let in
the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. This reduces water loss
from evaporation and allows plants to grow in dry environments. This
explanation has been put forward to explain plant growth into the Negev desert
in Israel.”
Following that lead we found the following by Randall Parker in “Engineering
Environmental,” a professional publication.</span><br />
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">“Rehovot, Israel — May 8, 2003
— The Negev research station is the most arid site in a worldwide network
(FluxNet) established by scientists to investigate carbon dioxide absorption by
plants. ….the Yatir (desert) forest is growing at a relatively quick
pace, and is even expanding further into the desert.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Why would a forest grow so well
on arid land, countering all expect-ations (“It wouldn’t have even been planted
there had scientists been consulted,”) the answer, the team suggests, might be
found in the way plants address one of their eternal dilemmas. Plants need
carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, which leads to the production of sugars. But
to obtain it, they must open pores in their leaves and consequently lose large
quantities of water to evaporation. The plant must decide which it needs more:
water or carbon dioxide. Yakir suggests that the 30 percent increase of
atmospheric carbon dioxide since the start of the industrial revolution eases
the plant’s dilemma. Under such conditions, the plant doesn’t have to fully
open the pores for carbon dioxide to seep in – a relatively small opening is
sufficient. Consequently, less water escapes the plant’s pores. This efficient
water preservation technique keeps moisture in the ground, allowing forests to
grow in areas that previously were too dry.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In a study published by Jurik, et al in
1984, experiments with Big Tooth aspen leaves showed that CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 supplemented plants had much higher heat
tolerance than those in the then normal 325 ppm CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
environment. Where most of the land we recover for agriculture will be in
drier hotter lands this is a very important finding. (See <a href="http://www.blogger.com/Lulu%20AV/SCAF2%20web/StomataFunction.html">Stomata Function</a> for
the details.)</span><br />
</div>
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<div align="center" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Concept Confirmed</span><br />
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
This fits in perfectly with what we have observed experimentally and found in
the literature. Where SCAF puts carbon dioxide to soil moisture the
demand for water will be substantially reduced as transpiration falls in
response to root borne carbon dioxide.</span><br />
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">National Security</span></div>
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<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Without
benefits like those from SCAF, carbon sequestration will bring a great
depression on the United States
and Europe just as did the Smoot-Hawley
legislation in 1929. China,
India and all of Africa are exempt from carbon sequestering under the
Kyoto Treaty and gain a large economic advantage. Therefore, SCAF has
serious national security, economic and political implications. Without
this process it is clear to us that America would collapse under the
weight of international socialist environmental treaties. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> It is now clear that we have a faction of
the Democrat Party that seeks defeat and collapse for America
thinking the people will turn to them after we have failed. History shows
that never happens. From the collapse of the Weimer Republic Germany fell
to Hitler. Earlier Tsarist Russia fell to the communists and Josef
Stalin. Such are the rules of statecraft since Rome. With SCAF, we have not only a new and
exportable technology but one to continue our lead in the world.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> There are no greater weapons
than food, fiber and fuel. They are what wars are all about. They
are the basis of world commerce. It is the value of grain in terms of
local currency that sets the value of foreign currency. If a bushel of
corn sells for $4 in America
and 500 Yen in Japan
then the Dollar is worth 125 Yen or four Deutshmarks where a bushel of corn
costs 16 Dm and so on around the world. No longer is gold the standard.
Grain is what makes the world work and SCAF could factor our grain
production by three to five between the improved outputs of existing lands, the
recovery of lost lands and farming of lands never before in production.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Atomic
Metering</span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon 14 is generated
in air from nitrogen by cosmic rays knocking a proton out of nitrogen atoms to
leave an unstable carbon isotope, C</span><span style="font-size: large;">14.
Half of it decays in 5700 years. This fact is used to date material that
has lived as the radiation declines at a regular rate. Radiation from C</span><span style="font-size: large;">14 is so weak the dating procedure is usable
only to 38,000 BC. At that point the C</span><span style="font-size: large;">14
decay product alpha particle count drops below the shieldable background count
and this stops the “clock” for all date determining purposes.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The rate of carbon 14
production was constant until nuclear weapons were used in the atmosphere.
Fission and fusion explosions create carbon 14 from nitrogen much as do
cosmic rays from space. In the 50’s the amount of C14 in the air was doubled.
Nuclear bomb test C</span><span style="font-size: large;">14 spikes are
thus discounted in carbon 14 dating. The technology is calibrated on the
amount of carbon 14 present in samples of known age. From data curves are
plotted, equations written and projections made. Test sample radiation
counts are compared with data curves to estimate the sample’s age.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Carbon 14 SCAF Efficiency Metric </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Carbon
dating technology overlooks any carbon not coming from the atmosphere.
This is the case because carbon dioxide from fossil fuels has no isotopic C</span><span style="font-size: large;">14. Materials including such carbon
appear to be much older than they actually are as they produce less radiation
and are thus placed further down the decay data curve. But, we can use
this to determine SCAF effectiveness by reading the radioactivity of
contemporary plants fertilized by sequestered carbon and comparing it with
untreated controls.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Measuring Effectiveness</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> A greater relative decline in C</span><span style="font-size: large;">14 indicates more carbon dioxide is delivered
to the plants as what we deliver has no radioactivity. The procedure only
requires looking at the data from a known age and then defining carbon
acquisition the variable.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Row Crop Fertilization</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Deep subsoil plows
have up to seven spikes separated by three feet to cut a 21 foot swath in each
pass. This unit is normally pulled through fields at three miles per
hour covering an acre one hour. The CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
needed per growing season is 8.2 tons/acre in two or three applications, 4.1
tons/hour in two or 2.73 tons for three. The machines will thus need
between 22 and 33 tons of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 per day for
corn.</span><br />
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A subsoil plow can be used
with carbon powder or slurry putting CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in
to a deep level, but the material should be distributed at all levels.
We would expect this treatment to be done only once as carbon does not oxidize
or migrate in soil. The presence of the elementary carbon will help water and
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 retention as it is one of nature's
better adsorbers. We have no standards for carbon amendment, but suspect
any working soil can take up to 10% without any trouble, but never expect to
see that amount applied other than experimentally.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Subsoil plows are used to
loosen deep soil, bring it up and channel moisture to lower levels in the early
season. Existing subsoil point plows need little more than trailing edge
gas nozzles to deliver the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 and carbon
powder or slurry.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Articulated Intra-Row
Injectors</span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"> Field
and row crops could also use mechanized injectors designed to run between rows
with wheel-mounted articulated nozzle injectors entering and leaving the ground
as the wheel rolls forward. These could be used during the growing season
to maintain soil carbon dioxide levels while doing a weeding or low level
insecticide spraying operation. And, they could be an entry-level system
for farmers wanting to experiment before they believe what they’ve seen on
television and read in agricultural publications.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"><br />
We expect to find that the
plants can take advantage of additional carbon dioxide feedings during the
growing season. It is a simple matter to compute what a field should be able to
use of CO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"> because every plant's dry mass is 44% carbon.
These will have to be done between the rows with articulated dispensers like
that conceptually illustrated here. We feel that we are going to find
that permanent underground systems like those installed for drip water delivery
will be economically advantageous. This would mean the grower would only
need the gas to be delivered periodically after the first installation as he
would use the system to deliver water more often than gas. This would be
the case until we have genetically engineered plants that use 96% less
water than today, but need substantial carbon dioxide from the ground.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_3111.html">Continue to Water Shortages</a></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;">Table of Contents</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;"> </span>Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-40683796412924856112011-12-17T19:24:00.001-08:002014-02-23T11:36:56.061-08:00Water Shortages<br />
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="text-indent: .5in;">
ground.<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Water has been a problem with
vast areas of the planet lacking the water to support agriculture. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">We expect water conservation will be a far more important
reason for sequestering carbon dioxide because CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
is not the cause of global warming, but it is the determinant of what
plants can produce.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The blame for global
warming is in the atmosphere. It belongs to water vapor which
was ignored by atmospheric physicists for 150 years because it is
variable. This will eventually be seen as the greatest science blunder of all
time.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Dry air climatology is
nonsense because real air always has water vapor. While we may never be
able to bring water to many areas of the planet we may take genetically
engineered plants to areas with spare supplies and grow crops with
the available supply. There is always some water in soil and an
opportunity to modify plants to thrive on it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Some pro man-caused
global warming people now admit to the major role of water vapor but claim it
is only present as “forced” by carbon dioxide and that CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 must be present for water to evaporate.
Nonsense, if there were no carbon dioxide in the air water would evaporate even
better than it does now. To behave as the fanciful claim molecules
would have to be under intelligent control. Are these people saying
God does it? </span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Doing Right Things For
Wrong Reasons</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextFirstIndent" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Lawyers
are fond of saying that juries usually get it right for wrong reasons.
Water conservation will become the issue when the anthropogenic global warming
hypothesis is dropped and plant physiology is better understood. By then
the benefits of SCAF and the scarcity of fresh water will drive SCAF
to universal acceptance. It is on that truth that we developed this
concept and seek patent protection. SCAF will remain valid for reasons
other than those for which it will be initially instituted.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> An Interesting Supportive Case</span></div>
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The online publication, “The
Future Pundit” issue of 2/17/2004 has a statement by Dr. William Schlesinger,
Professor of Biochemistry and Dean of the Nicholas School
of the Environment and Earth Sciences. He wrote: “One advantage the
plants may have in dry years is that with more CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
in the atmosphere the leaves do not have to open their pores as much to let in
the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. This reduces water loss
from evaporation and allows plants to grow in dry environments. This
explanation has been put forward to explain plant growth into the Negev desert
in Israel.”
Following that lead we found the following by Randall Parker in “Engineering
Environmental,” a professional publication.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> “Rehovot, Israel — May 8, 2003
— The Negev research station is the most arid site in a worldwide network
(FluxNet) established by scientists to investigate carbon dioxide absorption by
plants. ….the Yatir (desert) forest is growing at a relatively quick
pace, and is even expanding further into the desert.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Why would a forest grow so
well on arid land, countering all expectations (“It wouldn’t have even been
planted there had scientists been consulted,”) the answer, the team suggests,
might be found in the way plants address one of their eternal dilemmas. Plants
need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, which leads to the production of
sugars. But to obtain it, they must open pores in their leaves and consequently
lose large quantities of water to evaporation. The plant must decide which it
needs more: water or carbon dioxide. Yakir suggests that the 30 percent
increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide since the start of the industrial
revolution eases the plant’s dilemma. Under such conditions, the plant doesn’t
have to fully open the pores for carbon dioxide to seep in – a relatively small
opening is sufficient. Consequently, less water escapes the plant’s pores. This
efficient water preservation technique keeps moisture in the ground, allowing
forests to grow in areas that previously were too dry.” </span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Concept Confirmation</span><br />
</div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
This fits perfectly with what we have observed experiment- ally and found in the
literature. Where SCAF puts carbon dioxide to soil moisture the demand
for water will be substantially reduced as transpiration falls in response to
root borne carbon dioxide.</span><br />
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Economics of SCAF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1IE79LcvUu2rcLalstl74v88zoFfI24AQvTN0oqIfQbgfpX3GR9suE_7cPM1bevtyOImdRX1xHQOOlfPDKBJPeFdv1jvZ3XKhM3p9Fdf0Q4RlKCmevsEPwBJpvKPIcaDUhVHa_DTlKXVL/s1600/smokestack.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1IE79LcvUu2rcLalstl74v88zoFfI24AQvTN0oqIfQbgfpX3GR9suE_7cPM1bevtyOImdRX1xHQOOlfPDKBJPeFdv1jvZ3XKhM3p9Fdf0Q4RlKCmevsEPwBJpvKPIcaDUhVHa_DTlKXVL/s1600/smokestack.GIF" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">SCAF technology will accomplish
the goal of sequestration and create a carbon economy with carbon and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 having great value. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Pure carbon can be used to improve any
soil and will recover many acres for agriculture. Carbon dioxide will
increase the harvest of food, fiber and fuel crops, save up to 96% of all water
used in agriculture and recover land long lost to farming from alkali
poisoning or lack of water. It will trap poisonous heavy metal ions as
carbonates and supply the carbon that makes 44% of all the dry mass of the
plant.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> As long
as water tables can supply at least 4% of what had supported crops in the
past the land will be productive with future engineered plants. Soils
getting elemental carbon allotropes retain natural water previously lost and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 supplementation reduces transpiration as well
as make genetically modified low transpiring plants practical.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Corn is our
largest crop and export. Corn has a typical 120 day growing season in the
areas of greatest production, the middle-western corn belt. That will be
shortened if we expand corn planting to some of the hotter, drier areas where
corn grows faster and accelerated with SCAF technology, but we will examine the
economics for an existing set of conditions in the midde-west.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Each acre of corn
includes 25,000 plants on 16 to 18 inch centers. Each plant
transpires 200 liters of water per season. If we assume the SCAF
treated fields will produce 200 bushels per acre, or five metric tons, we can
assume that we will also have 75% (3.5 metric tons) of that mass in corn
stover to harvest. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> "Stover"
includes the stalk and leaf material of the plant and is normally left in
the field. The John Deere Company has developed a machine that will
harvest both corn and stover in one operation. This can be a great boon
as stover is both an ideal bio-fuel raw material and cattle will eat it if
it is made into silage. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Silage is fermented whole corn plants as
that process produces protein, but it can be made with other materials.
It would seem that usable silage could be made with stover and some
corn as well as the addition of alfalfa or other material high in protein and
perhaps in market surplus. The objective seems to be coming up with a mix
that the cow will eat as their stomachs are able to digest cellulose. A
number of these recipes need to be developed for better using farm surpluses.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> With each
corn plant needing 200 liters of water over the 120 growing season we will
require 1,044,500 liters/acre for a normal crop and about half that for a crop
treated with sub-soil CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. The
amount of water from rain plus what will migrate into that field from
underground aquifers varies and can be determined in the field. If the
field in question is to be served with sub-soil gasification the service may
include water as none will be lost to evaporation. The equipment to
accomplish in-field watering on this scale has not been developed and the
engineering problems may prove formidable given the weight of water.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> 1,044,500
liters of water can carry twice the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 we
need for a corn crop. We need to deliver 8.2 tons of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 per acre over 120 days and how we go about
this will depend on the soil, the percentage of water in it to a depth of three
feet. In many soils we could deliver the entire amount at one time, but
we will probably find two or three injections separated by five to eight weeks
will be more effective in boosting the crop. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Existing
equipment of the kind now in use work through fields at one to three miles
per hour and typically cover one acre every 20 minutes. If we assume the
apparatus has a cost of $100,000 and a life of ten years with 10% maintenance
it will have an amortized cost of about $70 per working day. With an
operator at $20 per hour the running cost will be $230 per day so we have only
the cost of the carbon dioxide, for which sequestration fees have been
collected. Given the increase in the crop it seems we have ample room for
profit for everyone involved.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We have about 118
million acres in corn which could use about 1 billion tons of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 which is 2/3rds of our annual production of
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 for corn alone. We have not
analyzed wheat farming for this system, but assume the figures are similar.
Be this the case we have considerable room for expansion of fossil fuel
utilization in this economy.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We expect
immediate increases in production and water savings on the order of 50%.
In the case of corn, now producing 130 bushels an acre we expect to
see 200 bushels per acre, gains of up to 70 bushels per acre. At the
present market price of $4.00 per bushel this is a gain of $280 per acre. The
value of water saving can be estimated by converting the agriculture price
$35 per acre foot to the $1150 price charged for urban users and estimating a
value in perpetuity.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Farmers will
be hesitant to sell off these rights, but eventually they will become a very
large part of the farm economic as agriculturists control over 70% of the
existing water supply. Of course filtration and chlorination plants must
be employed on water for human consumption, but they are long-term financings and affordable.
We can see a million new acres in full production and they will yield $280 to
$500 million in new crops and many times that converted to low transpiring
plants with benefits in the billions of dollars.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Suburban Applications</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg82WvtAagJVZGiyBTEd8M52FVvDjAtZi8HiSiCcZpGjwfwnPn1FliDRSoM9XEBVxgC7EnzLo_7GIK8n2J14x921OwviXh6POOOxWjwDy7Bc_rLN8bTQrTzAlIiSuVVFSf3fcFbwygh0fvR/s1600/produce.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg82WvtAagJVZGiyBTEd8M52FVvDjAtZi8HiSiCcZpGjwfwnPn1FliDRSoM9XEBVxgC7EnzLo_7GIK8n2J14x921OwviXh6POOOxWjwDy7Bc_rLN8bTQrTzAlIiSuVVFSf3fcFbwygh0fvR/s1600/produce.GIF" /></a><span style="font-size: large;"> Beyond the farms we have very substantial
lawns and gardens. These locations can make good use of SCAF by
installing permanent delivery systems rather like drip watering, but with
tubing that is designed to serve lawn plantings. The major savings will
be in healthier lawns and gardens in addition to the water saving for lawns and
vegetable gardens. The CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
injection phase will kill or chase soil pests just as well-defined water
delivery systems control weeds by drying the soil beyond defined growing
areas. The gas/water injection equipment can handle ammonia gas for
nitrogen delivery and water soluble compounds can be added to the water
regularly injected. With reduced water requirements, better growth and lower
maintenance we expect short payback times for this equipment.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The United States
produces 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually. The US
Department of Energy has placed a sequestration value of $100 per ton on the
gas. This is in view of the expectation of pumping the gas into old oil
wells, mines and caverns treating it as garbage, but SCAF makes CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 a valuable product for agriculture that will
expand the economy by at least 150 billion dollars immediately and create 3.5
million jobs in agriculture and technology.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> All things
considered we estimate a 30% to 50% expansion of the world economy within the
first 20 years of SCAF implementation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">One Acre of
Corn</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Corn is our most important crop.
Developed in central Mexico
by the Aztecs from two unrelated grasses, the grain had literally been walked
up from central Mexico over
several hundred years and was in the trade of native people all the way into Canada.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: #ffff66; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Through selection and controlled
fertilization, crude genetic engineering, Indians had managed to produce
a plant that producing enough grain to be worth cultivating.
What has become modern corn was discovered in Pennsylvania by European settlers trading
with Indians. That corn remained relatively unchanged until the early
20th century when scientists experimented with hybridization. Now several
varieties with different characteristics are grown, but the most common, Zea
mays L, or field corn matures in 120 days. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Every corn
plant needs 200 liters of water over its term and each plant produces 5.8
ounces of dried corn. It will also produce about a 4.4 ounces, dry
weight, of leaf and stalk. These are harvest weights and the
in-field growing weights are about 3.33 times greater.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Corn plants
generally grow to a height of eight feet and grow at a rate of 1.18 inches per
day until they approach eight feet where growing stops. They can be
heard stretching at night if it is very quiet. This noise is rarely audible in
the daytime.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Corn is planted
on 18 inch centers with 19,996 plants per acre. They will need
8,784,904 pounds of water. In the Middle West
normally get 7,022,500 pounds from the 30 inch annual rainfall with an
additional 1,762,404 pounds needed from the underground water table. In
areas where this water is not available corn will have to be irrigated.
This rather substantial water demand has limited corn farming to Middle
Western areas with ample rain.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Today's
prototype one acre of corn produces 130 bushels at $4.00 per bushel worth
$520 at the market, but the farmer gets less as he is selling to at least one
intermediary.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_4891.html">Continue SCAF Makes A Difference</a> </span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Table of Contents</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-89643737714085965802011-12-17T19:23:00.001-08:002014-02-23T11:38:21.402-08:00SCAF Makes A Difference<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">SCAF Makes A
Difference</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"> In a field served with
carbon dioxide we would expect to get 200 bushels per acre and use half the water.
This would mean our crop would be safe even if rainfall fell to 19 inches
of rain. In a normal year we would be adding over 11 inches of water to
the underground aquifers to restore water tables that have fallen
throughout the Middle West. Water does
not migrate very swiftly and underground rivers have virtually no detectable
flow.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> The CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
supplemented crop will be worth $800 per acre plus whatever value can be
attributed to the water, but in cash terms the farmer is better off by $320 per
acre at full market price. On the other side we can see the he will need
36 tons of carbon dioxide that someone had to pay $100 per ton to get rid of so
we will assume the farmer will have not had to pay much if anything for it or
may be paid to put it in the ground.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> We
expect the business arrangements to evolve from experimental where the farmer
and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 sequestration company cooperate
with the farmer standing the capital cost of the underground system.
Before that the sequestration company may distribute CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 with sub-soil plows at no cost to the farmer,
but as the system gains popularity and demand exceeds supply a charge will be
made for the service. After several years it may be attractive to install
an underground water and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 distribution
system still obtaining the gas at no or very little cost. Eventually, as
value is seen and publicized the market will settle on prices for the gas and
services with the price of sequestration falling as well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">The Car of the Future<br />
<br />
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">The greatest future change most people will
see will be in automobiles. They will be smaller, stronger, and
lighter in weight, have good performance on the order of what we have now or
better. Will the cars be "hybrids" with both internal
combustion and electric engines with a huge battery slung under the vehicle?
Or, will the fuel cell car finally emerge from the laboratory where the
smallest of such usable cells is now the size of a refrigerator? Or, will
we use hydrogen as fuel burning it in an internal combustion engine?
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"> If
economics prevail we will be driving something more like what we have than not
and it will be something fueled by a liquid we can get at the filling stations
already we have. Electric batteries are very expensive and last but
a few years as they poison themselves with side reactions.
</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"> Crash Resistant Cars</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
Hydrogen is
gas notoriously hard to compress, contain and keep safe. It burns
with a flame invisible in sunlight and is the fireman's worst nightmare.
Electric cars have to get the electricity from somewhere and take hours to
charge so any pollution saving vanishes at the power plant and always with a
bonus of waste due to transmission losses. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">
Given these realities and what is available we expect the
car of the future to be made with a composite shaped space frame like race
cars. It will be covered with panels of carbon fiber sealed in plastic of
the kind now used to make Formula I race cars. These are very strong and can be
designed to crunch in ways that protect the passengers. The final vehicle
will weigh 1/3 to 1/2 what today's cars and get two to three times the
fuel mileage as a result. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">The NatroX™
System</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">Carbon dioxide
will be collected with a <a href="http://www.blogger.com/Lulu%20AV/SCAF2%20web/NatroXSystem.html">Natrox™</a>
system. In an automobile it is little more than a light metal box about
the size of two or three mufflers loaded from the top with a proprietary
compound that captures and chemically compresses every cubic foot of carbon
dioxide down to a salt with a volume of 1.5 ounces. The box is unloaded
and reloaded every time the fuel tank is filled the charge is modest as the
active chemical is recovered as well the carbon sequestered.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
The car will be powered by a small
turbocharged Diesel engine that can burn almost anything, but will most likely
be running on butanol. This is the four carbon alcohol that can be
made from wood chips and waste, brush and leaf cuttings, corn stalks and just
about anything that has ever been a green plant. We have a bacterium
that consumes waste and exudes butanol in exchange. Butanol is 100 octane
fuels naturally; it has more energy per pound than gasoline. It is
not as volatile, flammable or dangerous. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
Butanol can be put into existing
pipelines, which ethanol cannot and it uses what we have been burning, burying
and wasting up to now. It will not force the price of corn up astronomically as
will current ethanol fuel plans and where the source material is waste the only
cost of that is collecting, chopping, much of which is done now in preparation
for landfills. We know that we already have enough source material to
power the nation with butanol when we build the plants for making it and that
is not the case for corn.</span><br />
</div>
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</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
The car of the future could be modular
with the original design in the "hatchback" format. Removing
the hatch window and the rear panel would allow an insert converting the
vehicle to a small truck. These inserts could be rented for special
occasions or purchased by the frequent user. A larger, longer version
with an additional wheel or two could make the temporary truck a larger
capacity unit for hauling lumber and building supplies for the weekend
warrior, moving or buying furniture, change the add-on body parts, click
on the "Performance" chip and go racing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;">Fuel of the Future</span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% black; color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">Ethanol
is thought by some to be our future fuel where corn is our largest agricultural
crop. We appear to have an abundance of it thanks to federal price
supports, but analysis of ethanol economics shows that converting the entire
corn crop to fuel will only support 1/3 of our motor vehicles, eliminate the
production of meat and our major grain export.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
Interest in ethanol from corn
has increased the price, but much of it is market anticipation more
than from the demand over supply price equation. Commodity traders are
very good at boosting markets on fear. $100 a barrel oil has at least $50
worth of fear in it.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
Ethanol brings problems
to the fuel market. While it will mix with gasoline it is not
transportable in existing pipelines. It dissolves the seals and causes
leaks. It is also hygroscopic, which means it acquires water from
air diluting the product, rusting pipelines ultimately rendering the
gasoline and ethanol mix unusable as fuel. Chemically removing water from
ethanol is expensive.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
Ethanol a consumable
intoxicant and heavily taxed in that form. If we produce large amounts of
pure ethanol it must be expected some of it will go into bootlegging
operations where ersatz whisky, gin and vodka can easily be made by mixing pure
alcohol with syrups and flavors to avoid taxes. This would balloon the
ATF bureau while the price of world corn skyrockets to create international
problems inflating the price of beef and the tortillas of Mexico, a diet
staple and politically sensitive commodity.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
Butanol, the four carbon alcohol
solves all these problems, and many more. It is 100 octane, ping free and
produces as much power as octane, the prototype gasoline molecule.
Butanol is less volatile than gasoline. This means it does not
evaporate as quickly and produces much less flammable vapors making it
a safer fuel in storage and accidents. Butanol can be used in
today's cars without modification. It can be transported in pipelines as
it is not corrosive to the present seals used in pipelines and their pumps.<br />
Butanol can be made from corn and wheat stalks, grass
clippings, wood chips, sawdust and any other cellulosic material or
"stover" now considered waste. The bacteria responsible for this
bio-chemical miracle is Clostridia acetobutylicum. It has been in wide
use since 1916 and it can be bred to work in a wide range of temperatures and
with virtually any cellulosic raw material including cheese whey, now an
industrial waste.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
Butanol fermentation systems working entirely on sun
powered heaters won’t need expensive carbon based fuels. Those require
one time building and assembly being little more than plumbing and computer
controlled pumps. They should run for decades with very little
maintenance. Where yeast fermentations need a lot of heat and only
produce 15% product the bacterial kind work over a wider range of temperatures
and produce up to 35% product before the product poisons the process.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
Bacteria are easy to modify as their generations are
short lived. Were we to set up ten samples of a strain of Clostridia
acetobutylicum using a particular kind of raw material we would find that one
of the fermentation vessels worked a little better than the others. We
could use the contents of that vessel to seed the next round of fermentations
and another would be the winner in our set of conditions. In eight or ten
rounds of this work we would soon have a new variety of Clostridia
acetobutylicum ideal for our location.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
We can fine tune the bacteria to work
well from Canada to Texas where enough Mesquite
grows every year to supply butanol to one-sixth of our nation's motor vehicles
annually. With existing computer technology we can build robot
harvesters that could wander our wastelands 24/7 gathering and chopping
Mesquite, Sagebrush and weeds into a celluosic mash perfect for the Clostridia
acetobutylicum bacteria.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
Politics hold this technology
back while the elected class titillates the farm lobby and runs the price of
corn up. The nation is more important than any special interest group.
Butanol technology is here now. It is the fuel of the
future.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">SCAFcom LLC</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">
While the fastest way to implement and capitalize on new
technology is to put it in the hands of an existing manufacturer in the field
this can be an uphill struggle due to the resistance to outside inventors and
the royalties they want. We can develop much of this technology ourselves
and with prototype builders. Then, do testing with college
agriculture departments. We may be able to get government grants without the
strings and strictures due to the high interest in this area. We can
prepare budgets for each area when real interest arrives. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">NatroX™</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">
This device is little more than a sheet metal box with perforated
cylinders in it. It needs an induction pipe for loading and a trapdoor
bottom to be unloaded. The interior must conduct internal combustion
exhaust gases through the NatroX™ salts to capture the CO</span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">.
The efficiency of capture will not be 100%, but we can optimize it
by experimentally determining the optimum amount of radioactive catalyst.
The radioactive material ionizes the air immediate to the hydroxide
tendrils growing on the NatroX™ "X" forms.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">In
Field Fertilization</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">
This process will need a lot of development work given the many
types of soil, degrees of water saturation and variation over growing
periods. We have some rough figures that are probably representative, but
need to better formalize the procedures and develop a database in order to
better design the delivery of the gas. This would be an ideal project
area for work with a college agriculture department as they have demonstration
farms that are well documented and would give our data more validity.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
The gas may be delivered by subsoil plows or gas conducting
articulated spikes as shown on other pages. All of this hardware needs to
be developed. It is all straightforward, simple and obvious, but needs to
be made.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">Permanent Installations</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><br />
The permanent installation systems are very similar to drip
systems and should be able to use much of the same hardware as water will be
delivered by the same tubes if needed. The valves offer us a special
opportunity as those working like stomata, swelling shut with the passage of
amounts of gas or water as the molecules are similar, simplifies and perfects
the system. One problem with systems of this kind is that they tend to over
water the plants the near the source and underwater those at the ends of the
tubes if they are long. The valves near the source end will shut first
and eventually all will constrict, raising the pressure in the system signaling
the controls to shut it off. This is a major, but not expensive
development project for which we have the skills to execute, but only need to
set up a workshop, lab and test field.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">SCAF
Gas Generators</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;">
The SCAF gas generator uses carbonates from the NatroX™
scrubbers. They only require heating the salts over 300 Celsius degrees until
all the material is converted to oxides and gas production stops. The
generators are nothing more than metal "bombs" with an exit for
the gas, a pressure reading port plus a safety valve and perhaps a blowout
plug. All of this should be assembled from existing gas handling and
production equipment for which we would use a consulting engineer to design the
system. <br />
<br />
Much of the gas we will use will come from other existing
capture and production systems so we have to incorporate existing gas systems.
This will not complicate anything as we are starting from nothing and bread
boarding these systems will be very straightforward.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo_17.html">Continue to The Application</a> </span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html"><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">Table of Contents</span></a><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: large;"> </span></div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-40678585072050694992011-12-17T18:58:00.001-08:002014-02-23T11:41:32.043-08:00The Application<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: black;"> <span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">The patent application and
correspondence follow to show how the straight-forward exposition must be
modified where the objective changes from explaining to claiming.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The following application is not replete with
“legaleze,” but has enough of that stiff and staid, overstated kind of language
to please a patent office bureaucrat.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
They are only really confident when an application is signed by an
attorney so author-inventors must expect conflict.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The first page is the abstract:</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">United
States Patent – Sequestered Carbon Amendment
and Fertilization</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(75)Abstract</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Sequestered Carbon Amendment and
Fertilization, SCAF: </span><span style="font-size: large;"> a set</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">of systems for capturing, sequestering and recycling carbon to
enhance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">agriculture, conserve water, recover lands and produce fuel
to create a</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">carbon economy. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> SCAF products
include elementary carbon, fiber and</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">wood, for carbon</span><span style="font-size: large;">
sequestration. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> <u>F</u>ood and
fuel recycle carbon without</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">increasing the net amount in the atmosphere. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> SCAF employs captured</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">elementary carbon as soil amendment and captured carbon
dioxide as </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">fertilizer for green plants.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">United States Patent (Application)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(54)Carbon
Sequestration Amendment and Fertilization</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(76)Inventor
– Adrian Vance, Lakeport, California, United States</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; text-indent: -55.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(21)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Appl. No. 60/927,894</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; text-indent: -55.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(22)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Filed 05/04/2007</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; text-indent: -55.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(60)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Provisional Application No. 60/927,894</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(58)</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Field
of Classification Search 023/295R;</span><span style="font-size: large;">
055/385.3, 429, 432</span><span style="font-size: large;">
071/38.41;</span><span style="font-size: large;"> 518/772; 423/364 </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(77)References
Cited – </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent Documents</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S. Patent 3,099,898 by M.J.
Harris, Jr., refilling of U.S. Patent 2,943,419 and identical. Fatally flawed
with fanciful machines, non-existent devices and science fiction concepts.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S. Patent 3,664,134 by Joseph
R.M. Seitz.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Predicated on the solubility
of gases in hot aqueous solutions thus fatally flawed and invalid.</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 4,133,671 1/9/1979 Merle E. Mikel,
“Method and Apparatus For Enhancing Fertilizing Characteristics of Irrigation
Water”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 4,632,044 1/14/85 Sebree J. Allen, “Mobile
Fertilizer Distributor”</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S. Patent 4,675,165 6/23/87 Kuckens et al “Apparatus for
Impregnating Water With CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 Using a
Stepped Channel With Multiple Gas Inlets”</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U. S. Patent 5,044,117</span><span style="font-size: large;">
9/3/91 Alexander Kukens, et al, “Method for Root Fertilization In
Cultivated Plants</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U. S.
Patent 5,671,887 9/30/97 Moise A. Iavarone, “High Pressure Water Sprayer”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U. S.
Patent 5,682,709 10/12/97 Stewart Erickson, Recycling Carbon Dioxide to Enhance
Plant Growth</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U. S. Patent 6,241,163 6/5/01
Artie J. Bremer, “Water Injecting System”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U. S. Patent 6,447,437 9/10/02 James Weifu Lee, “Method For
Reducing CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2, CO, NOx and SOx Emissions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S. Patent 7,055,325 6/6/2006 Myron B. Wolken, “Process and
Apparatus for Generating Power, Producing Fertilizer and Sequestering Carbon
Dioxide Using Renewable Biomass</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Primary Examiner –</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -37.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(74)<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span>Attorney, Agent or Firm -</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Adrian Vance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">3 Claims, 7 Drawing Sheets</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Process and Apparatus
For</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Capturing and
Sequestering</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon Dioxide and
Elementary</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Background of the
Invention</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Field of the Invention</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The invention
includes processes that capture and sequester or recycle carbon from fossil
fuels or the atmosphere to enhance the economy and save most of the water now
used in agriculture.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This will have the
most positive economic impact of any invention in history, avoid the expense of
treating carbon as waste while making it marketable.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Description of the Related Art</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Soil Amending </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Hand ground charcoal was used to
amend Central American soil in antiquity improving it greatly for agriculture.
The soil was little more than sand and clay with nothing to hold water or
mineral salts other than voids when molecularly compatible surfaces are needed
to control moisture. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> The practice
continues to this day improved only by mechanical grinding.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Ground charcoal particles are much
larger and have very little surface compared to elementary carbon allotropes
from Cottrell precipitators.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The
Cottrell process produces molecular allotropic forms with all having millions
of times the surface area of mechanically ground carbon.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> And, the electron microscope shows the
process produces what are called “Bucky Balls” or Fullerenes. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon Dioxide
Fertilizer</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon dioxide has been called an
“aerial fertilizer,” and generated in commercial greenhouses for 100 years. We
make a distinction by dispensing CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 directly
into the soil or in hydroponic<s>s</s> solutions directly into the plant
culturing medium.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We have demonstrated
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 enriches soil and is thereby a
fertilizer.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Chemical Gas Capture</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Gases are
“scrubbed,” from exhaust. Capture and compression are the oldest, most inefficient
and expensive systems.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> An ideal system
would take everything coming from an engine and compress it, but would use most
of the energy produced.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Cottrell
precipitators reduce carbon atoms in fuel rich internal combustion exhaust or
burners to form molecular allotropes heavy enough to fall in air where carbon
atoms would stay airborne and constitute a pollutant.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Systems have
been developed to capture some gases and vapors with cold surfaces in heat
exchangers, but these have extremely limited application in combustion systems.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Water is the only vapor in air normally a
liquid at ambient temperature. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Any dry hydroxide can be used to
capture CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 because they readily form
carbonates with CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2. Sodium hydroxide is
normally used in these systems because it is the least expensive. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> We irradiate it to encourage crystallization
as gamma rays from incorporated nuclear power plant waste ionize CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 near the sodium hydroxide castings.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In nature
carbon dioxide is captured with water as CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
is much more soluble than other gases in air, but the water must be cold, dark
and still or</span><span style="font-size: large;"> CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 escapes.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Industrial CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is produced or captured and kept in pressure
vessels.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Some is used to directly make carbonates
for glass making and processes where the metal ion (cation) is wanted and the
negative (anion) is not.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon dioxide
is a harmless gas byproduct.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Other
anions like sulfate and nitrate make gases that are both noxious and toxic.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> A typical
middle-western cornfield needs ten tons of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
per acre for a 120 day growing season and uses 3,200 tons of water to capture
the gas in stomata.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This is a very
wasteful, inefficient process where CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
can be supplied through the roots with gas dispensed to existing ground water
with very high efficiency. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The
production of motor fuel from captured carbon dioxide and the return of it to
commerce is “cyclic sequestering.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It
may not take carbon out of the environment forever, but it does not increase
the amount of carbon in the atmosphere while it does increase the amount of energy
in the economy.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">2 Description of related art</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon Sequestration</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon
dioxide is seen as an environmental threat and waste under the hypothesis of
anthropogenic global warming.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Legislation will soon call for it to be captured and stored.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Experimental storage schemes are operating
around the world, particularly in the North Sea near Norway,
in Canada and Japan.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> These processes are very expensive and
limited.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The only schemes designed to
use carbon dioxide are those to recover more oil, but they will result in the
release of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 gas when the oil is exposed
and they will not be economically viable or environmentally acceptable.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Cottrell Precipitator and Bucky Balls</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon has
been captured in Cottrell precipitators for 100 years. It was not until the
invention of the electron microscope that the nature of the Cottrell product was
known.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It was found to be a series of
carbon allotropes including geodesic spheres that were called “Bucky Balls”
after the geodesic domes of</span><span style="font-size: large;"> F.
Buckminster Fuller.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Other forms include
tubes that look like fishnet stockings.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In
any case the material has enormous surface area per unit weight and is perfect
for “adsorbing” water and solutions on carbon surfaces.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon amendments to clay and sand
soils that normally cannot support plant life make them suitable for
agriculture because they “adsorb” water on these surfaces to store it
temporarily.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The results were first noticed
by the agronomists in Hernan Cortez’ 1519 AD expedition to Central
America.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Such soils were seen
to be more productive than the best of European soils.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Using
Cottrell precipitated elementary carbon as a soil amendment permanently puts
the element in the ground as elementary carbon (that) does not decay to CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 as do organic compounds of carbon.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The great surface area of carbon allotropes,
compared to hand or machine ground carbon, insures they will be the most
effective such soil amendments ever used.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Airborne Fertilizer</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">While there have been uses of
carbon dioxide as “airborne fertilizer” in greenhouses closed from the
atmosphere and several failed attempts to release and control it over field
crops, it has never been used directly in soil as fertilizer.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The closest such attempt (patent 4,133,671)
we have been able to find called for the solution of water pump engine exhaust
in water that would be used in irrigation.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The estimated delivery concentration was 15 ppm CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in water.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The objective was to capture oxides of nitrogen for the soil.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Direct or sub-soil application of carbon
dioxide was not an objective in patent 4,133,671</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Underground Storage</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon
dioxide has been suggested as the gas that should be used to recover oil from
rocks and thus used in old oil wells previously pumped dry.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Where it is the nature of oil rock to have
twice as much oil trapped in rock as that withdrawn the use of carbon dioxide
to force oil from such rocks has not been as successful as steam in oil
recovery.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Steam does not have the hazard
of offensive out-gassing on reaching the surface.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The Norwegian
government has done experimental work on pumping CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
into old marine oil fields, but the process is very expensive given <s>all </s>the
handling and transporting required. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Greenhouses and Soda Pop</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The only use
for CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 commercially other than in carbonated
soda is in enhancing the atmosphere of greenhouses such that they have 700 to
1,000 parts per million of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in air.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This causes the plants to grow twice the
normal rates and it constitutes no threat to the greenhouse workers as people can
tolerate up to 15,000 parts per million without effect.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon dioxide is not poisonous to animal
life.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It is simply not supportive of
life, but at 1.5% CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 equilibrium in air is
such that most water vapor precipitates and the air remaining is very drying
and irritating to animals as well as reducing the normal defense to airborne
agents of infection.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 used in greenhouses is made by propane
burners that are run very leanly to over-oxygenate the flames and produce no
carbon monoxide as it is poisonous to people.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Lean burners are very noisy, but the crackling roar they make confirms they
are working properly. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Humus Planting Soil</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The most
closely related practice to SCAF technology is the use of humus planting soil
for potted plants or in soil wells for starting expensive or fragile plants and
transplanting.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The success young plants
have growing in humus planting mix is certainly due to the production of carbon
dioxide from decaying matter in the humus mix.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
When it has all decayed in a month or two the plant is large enough to
carry on with the little CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 the
atmosphere offers.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This explanation for
the success of “planter mix” or humus rich soil is not in the literature.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The success of humus has been credited to the
“richness” of it without defining what that means.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Related Prior Patents</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 2,943,419</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> An
agricultural process to stimulate crop growth with tractor exhaust gas in a
closed system to capture all gases from an engine and dissolve them in water
condensed from the exhaust. However, fatally flawed with devices that cannot
work without molecules under intelligent control or with Divine Intervention.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 3,099,898</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Per 2,943,419
by the same inventor, a simplification of the previous apparatus with the
addition of an electrostatic sub-system that does not exist unless in a Star
Trek episode.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S. Patent
3,664,134, Seitz</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Calls for a
hot solution of calcium hydroxide to capture CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
in a vessel conducting internal combustion exhaust at a temperature of 600
Fahrenheit degrees, more that sufficient to boil the solution.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Where it is well known gases are not soluble
in aqueous solutions over 176 Fahrenheit degrees this patent is invalid, but
does not apply where we are using a solid hydroxide with a radioactive
catalyst.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 4,133,671</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> “A method for
enhancing fertilizer characteristics of water by adding CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 and nitrogenous compounds derived from
exhaust gas.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Specifically calls for
tuning the engine to produce more oxides of nitrogen than usual.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U. S. Patent 4,632,044</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> “A mobile
fertilizer distributor apparatus and method including the collection of
gasoline products of combustion…” another tractor exhaust collecting and shallow
soil injection apparatus.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 4,675,165</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> “An apparatus
for impregnating water with CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2” specifically
for use in horticulture.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It is designed
for use in greenhouses and where the water is in contact with air would release
substantial CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to the atmosphere.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 5,044,117 </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> An aqueous CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 delivery process is the subject, but it calls
for spraying a “natural” carbonated/oxygenated water mixture on plants in a way
allowing most of the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to escape to the
atmosphere.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> That is not acceptable if
the objective is to sequester carbon dioxide from the air.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 5,184,420</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> A
computerized irrigation and fertilization system for field crops, the mixing,
delivering and timing nutrient water streams.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U. S. Patent 5,671,887</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> A water
injection system “to deliver water directly to the plant and tree roots.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> No mention of any additions, fertilization,
etc.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U. S. Patent
5,682,709</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Methods of
sequestering carbon dioxide in old mines, geologic voids, etc. and dissolving
into irrigation water to enrich the atmosphere immediate to the plants.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Nowhere is root absorption or reducing
transpiration included.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U. S. Patent 6,241,163</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> “A water
injecting system for injecting water into the soil.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It appears to be entirely concerned with the
injection of water with no fertilization materials mentioned.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 6,447,437</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> “Conversion
of industrial gases to fertilizer solids for CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2,
CO, NOx and SOx for CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 sequestration to
sequester carbon as carbonates,” and “stimulate photosynthetic function of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from the atmosphere by the effect of
carbonate containing fertilizer.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This
calls for the decomposition of carbonates in the soil thereby leaving Column II
ions to poison the soil.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">U.S.
Patent 7,055,325</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> A process for
generating energy and capturing oxides of nitrogen for the purpose of making
solid fertilizers.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> There is no provision
for capturing carbon or carbon dioxide which are also products of the engines.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Analysis of the Prior Art</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Only one of
the earlier inventions mentions sequestration, U.S. Patent 6,447,437 and bears
any similarity to this application.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It puts
carbonates of column II metals which will decay to make poisonous hydroxides
forming “alkali soils.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The soil injections
proposed are very shallow.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Paths to the
atmosphere are much shorter than those to roots of plants thus the likelihood
of a carbon dioxide release to the atmosphere is certain.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Objectives and
Advantages</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> SCAF
technology converts what has been thought of as garbage and an environmental
threat to a valuable commodity that fertilizes food, fiber and fuel crops as
well as saves up to 96% of all water used in agriculture which is 70% of all
water in the present economy.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Brief Summary of The Invention</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The invention includes capturing
elemental carbon and carbon dioxide, distribution of elemental carbon to
defective soil as an improvement and direct injection of carbon dioxide to good
soil at depths greater than one foot for field crops and to depths one-half the
height of bushes and trees where it will dissolve in underground water normally
present as 10% to 30% of the soil below one foot. There functioning as green
plant fertilizer. Empirically:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> SCAF is
the direct injection of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to existing
soil water for use by plants.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Brief Description of
the Several Views of the Drawings</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Description of the
Drawings</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 1 - The Cottrell Precipitator has two metal plates in a
chimney, each charged with very high voltage.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The charges attract atoms of elementary carbon causing them to stick on
the plate.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They not only accrete, but
combine (to form) allotropes now called Fullerenes or “Bucky Balls.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The burners 3 generate smoke. Charged plates 1 and 2
electrify the smoke.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The carbon
precipitate falls from the charged plates when the particles become too heavy to
remain on the plate. <s> </s></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 2, Mode 1 – Sodium hydroxide salt fused with a small
amount of radioactive uranium salt. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> The
melted material is then expressed on a large steel roller in which “X” figures
have been cut.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This is the trademarked
Natrox™ pellet designed not to close pack, but leave spaces for gas to
circulate as it passes through the scrubber.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 2, Mode 2 – The sodium carbonate is wet and heated in a
flash boiler (low pressure) pumped collector for commercial carbon dioxide
capture.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> When the carbon dioxide is gone
the heating is continued to fuse the end-product hydroxide so it may be cast on
the surface of a steel roller on which has been carved the “X” cut molds to
make the NatroX™ pellets.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 3 – The NatroX™ sodium hydroxide scrubber employs cast
sodium hydroxide “X” forms to present more surface area to the gas than <s>the </s>spherical
pellets normally produced.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon
dioxide including exhaust gas has to pass through the scrubber in a circuitous
path designed to put it in contact with the hydroxide for which it will have electrostatic
affinity due to local ionization by nuclear waste.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The product sodium carbonate crystals grow on
the hydroxide surfaces as fragile dendrite branches that break off and in the
vibrating, shaking environment of a motor vehicle fall to the bottom of each
tube and into the carbonate collector.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 4 – A permanent installation features conducting tubes
used for CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 or water as needed by the
plants.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The carbon dioxide can be
generated by a solar power NatroX™ generator which is a closed tube with an
outlet for the gas.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It is charged with
pellets and a stoichiometric, sufficient to react, 17% by weight of water to
produce gas on heating.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This is a self
regulating device as the plants only need CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 when
they can photosynthesize with sunlight, the only time the generator will
function.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 4a – Detail: “Bomb” type generator using heat from any
source to produce carbon dioxide from of equal volumes of NatroX™ carbonate and
water with heat from any source to drive the reaction. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 5 – The delivery tubes are placed 12 to 18 inches below
the surface in order to supply plants as directly as possible.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This reduces the amounts of material<s>s</s>
needed in all cases, increases efficiency, starves weeds as well as discouraging
animal and insect pests.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 6 – A single injector subsoil unit may put carbon
dioxide in the soil down to 18 inches.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Moist soil will cave in quickly sealing the work while harrow wheels and
rollers insure closure of the furrow to seal the gas in place.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 7 – An aquatic reactor vessel for the production of
algae to ferment for the production of butanol.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
It consists of a clear plastic or glass tube with two caps, one with a
tube for the delivery of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 as well as
the decanting of finished butanol.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The
second cap is cast concrete for weight to sink the tube to vertical for the
separation of butanol from seawater.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Note the valve for admitting seawater.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 8 – Reactor vessel in the vertical position achieved by
extending the bottom holding line.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> To
separate and recover the fuel the entire tube is lowered 100 to 300 feet to
find cold seawater at four Celsius degrees where it is most dense.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fig. 9 – A one acre algae growing butanol production
facility is shown.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The tanks are exposed
to sunlight for photosynthesis. The process continues until it peaks.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Then Clostridium acetobutylicum bacillus is
introduced to ferment the algae to butanol.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The process continues until the mixture is about 35% n-butanol when the
fermentation stops.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The mixture is then
dumped to an underground tank to cool to earth temperature of 10 Celsius
degrees.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It is then further reduced to 0
Celsius degrees without freezing.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The
butanol separates to float to the top from where it can be decanted.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> No further processing is required.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">SCAF Flow Chart - At the top we see the conversion of
ordinary sodium hydroxide into NatroX™ pellets which are irradiated to enhance
the formation of sodium carbonate dendrite crystals by gamma ray ionization of
the air near the surface of the cast form, provide identification to facilitate
commercialization and the disposition of nuclear waste productively in a way
where uranium can be recovered if needed in the event of a national emergency.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Recovery of the uranium salts is technically simple
and does not create a security problem as the processing to make bomb material
is complicated and expensive.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> NatroX™
functions well to capture CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from
internal combustion engines or external combustion boilers, but these also
produce elemental carbon for soil amending.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The captured CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is chemically
compressed as well as if 550 atmospheres of mechanical pressure had been
applied and the gas can be recovered in high volumes or pressures easily from a
“bomb” type pressure reactor with a heater and gas conducting tube as in Fig.
4a.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Recovered CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is used for soil fertilization for plants or
aqueous supplementation for algae in both fresh and marine environments.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Heat is used to release the gas from the
sodium carbonate in which it is stored and chilling is used to separate butanol
from water as they are not miscible and do not require distillation.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Detailed Description
of the Invention</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Methods For Capturing and Sequestering Carbon</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> This
invention relates to the capture and sequestration of carbon used as fuel
producing elemental carbon or “carbon black” and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Elementary carbon is permanently sequestered
as it will not decay in soil.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is used as plant fertilizer for everything
from tiny algae to giant trees.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Capturing CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 with NatroX™</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The Cottrell
process of electrostatically capturing elemental carbon has been in use since
1907, invented by Frederick G. Cottrell.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
It uses very high tension electricity to charge carbon particles in
smoke causing them to stick to metal plates, adhere to and combine with like
particles until they are sufficiently heavy to fall to the base of the chimney
for removal.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Recently it has been found the
Cotrell process produces “Fullerenes,” a class of molecular carbon allotropes
in the forms of 50 to 70 carbon atom geodesic spheres named after the developer
of the geodesic dome buildings, Dr. F. Buckminster Fuller.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> These have high potential in nanotechnology,
but as is are an excellent soil amendment due to the great surface area of the
allotropes. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Terra
Preta Soils</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Geologists
studying soils in Central America and the
Amazon basin </span><span style="font-size: large;"> frequently found fields of odd
black soil they called Terra Preta Soils named after the location where they
were first found. They were initially thought to be natural, but archeologists also
unearthed pottery shards and large charcoal particles with marks of grinding.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We believe Central American natives observed
old fire pits were islands of fertility in otherwise barren savannas so they
linked and extended them into fields that were far more fertile than anything known
in Europe at the time of Cortez arrival in the New World.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Cortez expedition agronomists marveled at
these soils, wrote of them extensively and took samples back to Spain
in 1520 AD.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon Soil Amendment</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> SCAF
uses Cottrell precipitates to recover south western lands that are little more
than sand and clay like that in Central America
and the Amazon basin.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon amendments
made them the most fertile soils ever seen by the first Europeans in the New World.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We
improve on that process with much finer carbon precipitates from the Cottrell
process which have millions of times the surface area of hand ground charcoal. Elemental
carbon can be dispensed with subsoil plows that turn soil over and not spikes used
to inject carbon dioxide.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We have many
square miles of land in the southwest that are little more than sand and clay
ideal for carbon amending.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> If these
soils were made more absorbing they would retain what water they get, prevent
desert flash floods, erosion and create arable lands.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">With SCAF process carbon dioxide
soil fertilizer, which produces an immediate 50% reduction in plant water
demand, large areas will be newly productive.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
And, with the reduction in stomata possible with selection,
hybridization and genetic engineering we will have wheat and corn fields that
need no more water than desert sagebrush.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> There has
long been a rumor of an aquifer under the state of Nevada. It may be small, but with SCAF low
water wheat and corn we may make Nevada
the granary of the world.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> SCAF could
well sponsor a new gold rush, the gold of ripe American grain.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> This is
predicated on there being enough water in the desert aquifer rumored to be
under Nevada
having about 50% the water needed to grow wheat without carbon dioxide
fertilization today or 94% the water needed to grow genetically improved wheat
that has less stoma to release water vapor.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
It is not a matter of if, but when this technology is developed as the
destinies of green plants and man are one.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Man-made
carbon dioxide largely comes from internal combustion engines.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They present a difficult problem as a prototype
three liter engine running at 2,500 revolutions per minute cruising rate uses
7500 liters of air per minute while burning 500 liters of octane vapor coming
from 150 ml of gasoline to make 2128 liters of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
from an equal volume of oxygen from 11,822 liters of air needing 11 ounces of
NatroX™ to capture the carbon dioxide every minute.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Such a car will have to carry 41 pounds of
NatroX™ for every hour of operation to stop it from releasing CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Retro-fitting today’s cars will
mean making small trailers for all the scrubbing equipment and supplies to
capture the carbon dioxide exhaust and this will not be welcomed by the market
or voters.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> A very lightweight auto and
engine will be required to produce a non-polluting automobile.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Where
automobiles now carry enough fuel to operate for seven hours today’s cars will
have to tow a trailer carrying 300 pounds of NatroX™ with enough canister
capacity and tubing to effect capture of the gas.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This would likely be a six foot long trailer
connected to the exhaust pipe and on a trailer hitch creating an articulated
vehicle that will be difficult to drive, park and will lose 30% of its’
performance thanks to engine backpressure and trailer mass.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The car of
the future will be a small Diesel-powered; carbon fiber bodied three or four
wheeler costing three to five times current car prices. A box with perforated
tubes holding no more than ten pounds of NatroX™ can scrub the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 from four gallons of gasoline or Diesel
fuel.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This is the expected fuel load for
the 50 mile per gallon automobiles of the future and will run the car for about
four hours.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Automobiles by law will have
to carry enough NatroX™ to capture all the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
one full fueling would produce.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> When the car
is refueled the NatroX™ carbonate is dumped.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Where the material has resale value as a CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
source the service fee can be small as the salt will be sold.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> NatroX™ is a
cast “X” form of sodium hydroxide irradiated with nuclear power plant waste to
encourage formation of carbonates on the surface of the hydroxide
castings.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Gamma radiation from uranium
salts ionize the air immediate to the casting.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Where gamma rays do not travel more than a fraction of an inch from the
surface they are not dangerous unless ingested at which point the poison hazard
of the hydroxide would be a greater life threat than the radiation trace. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Subsoil CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 Fertilization</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon
dioxide in the SCAF process is injected to a depth of one to three feet in the
soil by a manifold system putting long tubes under each row of plants.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The same tubes are used for irrigation in an
underground drip type system that is administered to keep the spaces between
the plants free of weeds as it will be too dry for weeds to grow.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Gophers and moles will be controlled when the
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is delivered as it will suffocate
them or cause them to leave the area.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Subsoil plows
can be used to dispense CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 to the soil,
but that is only a temporary method.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It
will require more gas to be sure it diffuses to the roots in the rows and
underground irrigation cannot be done this way with any degree of practicality
given the weight of water.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We propose
this method only as a stop-gap or start-up method.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Nonetheless, the efficiency of
subsoil injection is greater than using water as a CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 solvent by a factor of 114 times when pure gas is handled
because of the low solubility of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 in
water. The injector disturbed soil is immediately restored with a harrow and
roller to keep the gas in the soil for solution with native water.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Laboratory
work shows plants respond to a new source for carbon which they show by
progressively shutting down stomata and under severe lack of water stress drop
leaves and grow new ones of half the original’s size as long as CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 soil delivery is continued.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">We employ water residing in soil as
the recipient, carrier and storage medium for CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Where underground water is quiet, cold and
dark it is ideal for the solution and storing of carbon dioxide as it forms
carbonic acid, a very unstable molecule sensitive to motion and light.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The quiet,
cold, dark environment that is the subsoil makes it an ideal storage medium for
carbon dioxide.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Water is present in the
soils from 10% to 30% with sufficient supply for agricultural purposes.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Plant roots find the charged water in the
normal course of their development and readily accept carbon dioxide charged
water as confirmed by our tests.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon dioxide is used in
photosynthesis to make all parts of the plant from the simple sugars to
starches, cellulose, fiber, seed and wood.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Carbon dioxide is sequestered until the products are burned for fuel or
consumed as food.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In the cases of wood
and plastics that can be forever.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Description of the Preferred Embodiment</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Where this
system will come to life legislatively instead of from the free market the
development and economics will be political.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Lawmakers will require capture of carbon dioxide first.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The NatroX™ systems, other scrubbers or gas
capturing units, will be employed and stocks of carbonate and carbon dioxide
gas will accumulate.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> A major farm
equipment manufacturer will produce subsoil injectors and underground piping
systems with gas storage or on-site generators and regulators.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Implementation will be done on demonstration
farms that will </span><span style="font-size: large;"> report large crop
increases plus great water savings.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> New
lightweight automobiles will have to be developed and built in numbers while
old cars are served with NatroX™ trailers that make them very difficult to
drive, inefficient, hard to park, awkward and ugly.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Cars with trailers will become hard to park jokes
and disappear within two to three years when most of the passenger fleet will
be replaced as the auto industry celebrates its’ greatest years of sales.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Solar Gas Generators</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> A solar
powered gas generator for heating sodium carbonate is not only possible, but
very desirable as it will be self regulating.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Sunlight drives photosynthesis increasing the need for carbon
dioxide.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> That same sunlight can heat the
SCAF generator and make carbon dioxide for the green plants.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The size and generator output are engineering
matters.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
captured in carbonates is chemically compressed as well as if it were under 550
atmospheres of pressure, 8100 pounds per square inch, and can be recovered
easily with heat. Very little energy is needed to accomplish this task.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> SCAF CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
generators are simple “pipe bomb” type devices with an exit tube for the
gas.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They can be any size from thimble
to tank car and produce copious quantities of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
at high pressures or volumes as needed.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
The reaction is very simple:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Na</span><span style="font-size: large;">2CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">3 + H</span><span style="font-size: large;">2O </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: large;">è</span><span style="font-size: large;"> 2 NaOH + CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> For every 100 grams of sodium carbonate we
need 17 grams of water. An excess of water only means that some will be left to
boil off.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The gas is applied to the soil in
two ways:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> (1) by injection spikes
inserted by hand or mechanically or (2) by perforated tubes buried one to three
feet in the ground under the plants.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The
gas dissolves in soil water thus the efficiencies of delivery and water saving are
very high.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> If water is needed it can be
supplied to the plants with the same tubes used for the gas much in the manner
of a drip system but, with higher efficiency as there is no loss.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The gas also keeps underground insect and
animal pests away from the plants by suffocating them with CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 as well as killing weeds by limiting water to
the soil under the plants.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">1.45 grams of carbon dioxide
dissolve in a kilogram of water. Water is a poor delivery medium for CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2, 0.145%
efficiency. Using it would increase our water needs incredibly while drowning
plants.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Soil is typically 10% water at a
depth of one foot.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> From there the
percentage rises until at 80 to 100 feet it reaches 30%.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Soil weighs just over two tons per cubic yard
it will have from 420 to 1265 pounds of water per cubic yard.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> At a depth of one foot the soil will absorb
13.5 pounds of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 gas per cubic
yard.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Direct delivery of carbon dioxide is
practical and efficient.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In a typical middle-western
cornfield each acre needs ten tons of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
per 120 day growing season.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Today’s
plants would use about five tons of injected CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
with five tons coming from the atmosphere.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
As we selectively breed and engineer plants with fewer stomata the gas
need will approach ten tons per acre over the 120 day growing season.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This model will work for all field crops and
in this first stage will double the harvests.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
We expect that another doubling will happen with genetically engineered
plants using 99% delivered CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Plants dependent on delivered CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 cannot escape to the environment as they
cannot survive on air supplied CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 alone.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Therefore, professionally neurotic environmentalists will have no case
against modified plants, but creative and unprincipled as they are will likely
invent something to protest.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The second major application will
be for algae culture in fresh or salt water.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Aqua-farm location will be dictated by availability of deep lakes where
most lakes in the central states are shallow and the economics of large scale
marine operations are very competitive.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
A lake or sea based aqua-farm for producing fuel requires quiet water
that is more than 300 feet deep.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">A land-based fuel farm can be built
using shallow glass-faced growing tanks for the algae.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The algae is skimmed and sent to fermentation
tanks using the Clostridium acetobutylicum bacillus that produces up to 35%
n-butanol from it.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Algae cells are very
small.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> When harvested make a finely
divided stock ideal for bacterial fermentation with no preparation.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> During the fermentation they turn into a
black slime mindful of petroleum and from that stuff comes the honey-colored
butanol.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Product butanol is not miscible
with water so it can be separated by chilling the fermentate to zero degrees
and the product decanted.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Where 50
milliliters of water and 50 milliliters of ethanol give 95 milliliters of
solution so miscible are their molecules.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
But, 50 milliliters each of water and n-butanol make 100 milliliters of
a mixture easily separated by lowering temperature to zero Celsius degrees with
no freezing required.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Fermentation can be done in algae
growing tanks in sunlight to take advantage of sun heat.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> When butanol reaches 35% the fermentation
stops with the viable algae floating on the top.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Drawing the fermentate from the bottom to
underground tanks at the usual soil temperature of 10 Celsius degrees will
begin the separation.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The temperature
only need be reduced another ten Celsius degrees to 0 Celsius and 93% of the
butanol will rise to the top of the tank from where it can be decanted while
the growing tanks, reconstituted with fresh water and algae stock for the next growing
cycle.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The energy used in separating
butanol from water is only 3.4% of that needed for distilling ethanol from a
fermentation.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Each gram of ethanol and
water require 59 calories to be heated from 20 degree Celsius temperature to 79
degree Celsius vaporization point for ethanol. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Then another 475 calories to vaporize it only to
be condensed with 5% of the water carried over, a total of 554
calories/gram.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Ethanol distilled from
fermentations retains 5% water which causes problems in pipelines, pumps and
engines.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Removing the final 5% water can
only be done with very expensive anhydrous salts.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Distilling alcohol a second time leaves 0.7%
water, still enough to cause problems.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">To separate butanol we only need to
cool the fermentate from 20 degrees Celsius to zero degrees without freezing
the water and 93% of it floats on top of the water without entraining any water.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This uses only 3.4% of the energy required
for ethanol distillation.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Butanol carries
only minor traces of water; not enough to cause problems in pipelines, pumps or
engines.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In a SCAF Sea Fuel Farm operation
the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is put into three foot diameter
by 100 foot long flexible, transparent tubes that float during the growing
phase.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
is released into the tubes on demand as the pressure is kept at one atmosphere
above the ambient at all times.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Pressure
declines as algae consume the gas signaling the need for more.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Algae grow quickly, doubling the
mass every day if they have enough CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In a few days the growing phase is complete
as indicated by no demand for additional CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2
to keep the tube pressure at two atmospheres.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">Clostridinium acetobutylicum bacillus is
introduced and the fermentation will take a few days and produce CO</span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">
gas. Completion is indicated when CO</span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"> gas
pressure stops rising. The gas will have
to be drawn off and stored during this phase.
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: large;">The tube
is then lowered vertically to a depth where seawater is four Celsius degrees as
seawater is most dense at that point. As
the water chills butanol separates and floats to fill the top 32 feet of the
tube. At four degrees nearly 90% of the butanol will come out of water
solution. At this point the bottom valve
is opened and fresh sea water admitted as the product butanol is drawn off the
top. If decanting is done carefully no
processing will be necessary as the product is finished.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The production of motor fuel from
captured carbon dioxide and returning it to commerce is “cyclic
sequestering.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It may not take carbon
out of the environment forever, but it does not increase the amount of carbon
in the atmosphere while it does increase the amount of energy available. </span><span style="font-size: large;"> This is enabled by NatroX™ technology.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The trade name “NatroX™” is from
the Latin name for sodium, Natrium and the “oXide” of “hydroxide,” hence
“NatroX™.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> There is one important
addition which we use for several important reasons:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The addition of salts of nuclear power plant
waste, which will be various uranium and transuranium salts.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> These are used because the emission of gamma
rays, which are free electrons, promote the formation of sodium carbonate on
the arms of the NatroX™ pellet.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The NatroX™ pellet is cast in the
form of a cross or “X” to prevent close packing and offer to engine exhaust gas
a porous, but circuitous path to the atmosphere such that all CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 is trapped as carbonate.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The vessel in which this is done
can be long and thin which is very compatible with the underside of an
automobile.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In a tube the upper half
would be for the NatroX™ castings which have been poured in from the top.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The capacity of the feeding tube may have to
be divided as the bulk of the load may not fill the reaction chamber until
vibration shakes it in place.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">For an efficient Diesel one liter
engine in a small car getting 50 miles per gallon we will need four gallons of
butanol to go 200 miles, the range usually specified for a practical
automobile.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Butanol is 65% carbon so
four gallons will contain 15.5 pounds of carbon which will make 56 pounds of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> To
capture this we will need 103 pounds of the NatroX™ castings in the reactor and
in the running it will make 159 lb of sodium carbonate to hold the 15.5 pounds
of carbon generated.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> At each filling
station stop the car will have to acquire four gallons of fuel and 103 pounds
of NatroX™ after dumping 137 lb of sodium carbonate.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The captured
carbonate is then heated to 318 Celsius degrees with an equal volume of water
to recover the gas in a simple apparatus capable of generating high pressures
for distribution of the gas to soil or algae tanks.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Sodium hydroxide residue is then recast in
the proprietary “X” forms.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The
fertilizer phase injects carbon dioxide, CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2,
directly into the soil where it is absorbed by existing entrained water.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> At a depth of one to three feet soil is 10%
water, a percentage that rises to over 30% at depths of 80 feet.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The plans include genetic engineering a
reduction in number and sizing of stomata to reduce water consumption.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon Offsets</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="border: medium none; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> SCAF
produces two kinds of marketable carbon offsets:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Pure carbon and Bound carbon.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Pure carbon comes from Cottrell soil
amendments and Bound carbon from corn and wheat stover, the stalks and stems
left in the field and ploughed under as soil amendment.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Carbon offsets may be marketed as part of the
SCAF technology.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In the case of Cottrell
precipitates the formula would be based on the fact that it is pure
carbon.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> For plant matter to be ploughed
under carbon mass will have to be computed from the amount of stover generated
by each crop and that such material is usually 44% carbon.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Documents regarding the location and amount
of the carbon permanently buried would be issued for each contract sold.</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Note:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The application
includes illustrations or “Figures,” which follow and a separate section of
“Claims,” which are omitted to preserve the viability of our legal position and
claim on the technology.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Most of the
strength of a patent pending lies in what the potential infringers do not know
about the claims.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="448" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.png" width="577" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="343" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="441" /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="448" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.png" width="577" /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="378" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="453" /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="397" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="476" /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Figure 5</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="256" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="418" /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Figure 6</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="377" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="453" /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Figure 7</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="380" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="317" /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Figure 8</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="312" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="374" /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Figure 9</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="840" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DELL/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image013.png" width="576" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adrian Vance, 1440 Ricca Court, Lakeport,
CA 95453
707-263-6739</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">May 12, 2008</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Commissioner for Patents</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">P.O. Box
1450 </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Alexandria,
VA 22313-1450</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Re: Application # 12/148,510</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Gentlemen:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Thank you for
your swift attention to my submission.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Where I am not a pro at this I did expect a return for something and
these are understandable.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The
instructions I read on your website and the book I bought on this subject
indicated the fees were to be sent to another office.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> A bank printout of the front and back of the
cancelled fee check is here included.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The Abstract
is here included on a separate, unnumbered sheet.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This Abstract, nor the application document,
contain any new matter.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The claims have
been reduced from 12 to three by the elimination of some and the consolidation
of several, but in no way has anything new been included.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The drawings
have been repaired and reprinted.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Some
of the originals were in color</span><span style="font-size: large;"> that prints
as a thatch-like background, now eliminated for clarity.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Enclosed you
will find my check for $425 which includes the $65 surcharge, $255 search fee
and the $105 examination fee.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Sincerely, </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adrian Vance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adrian Vance, 1400 Ricca Court, Lakeport,
CA 95453
707-263-6739</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">June 4, 2008</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Commissioner for Patents</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">P.O. Box
1450</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Alexandria,
VA 22313-1450</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Re: Ap. # 12/148,510 and 60/927894</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Ladies and Gentlemen:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Enclosed you
will find my check for $155.00 sent in response to your letter of May 29, 2008
entitled, “Notice of Incomplete Reply (Nonprovisional)” and printouts for my
checks numbered 200 and 201.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> These checks
show that I have paid $580 in these two checks and I am told that $897 was paid
on the provisional application for title, “Sequestered Carbon Amendment and
Fertilization,” then numbered 60/927,894.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Contributing
to the confusion I followed the instruction to send the fees to one office and
the documents to another, but sent the second check, number 201, with the
corrected application.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I would very
much appreciate credit for the correct amounts and a refund of that paid in
excess.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I wonder why we were charged for
two, perhaps three, search fees when it appears only one would be appropriate?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Please
acknowledge receipt of this letter, fees and documents as well that my
application is moving forward.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Sincerely, </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adrian Vance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Soon after
this I got a letter objecting to the labeling and quality of my figures.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I repaired them and submitted the following:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adrian Vance, 1400 Ricca Court, Lakeport,
CA 95453
707-263-6739</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">July 24, 2008</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Commissioner for Patents</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">P.O. Box
1450</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Alexandria,
VA 22313-1450</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Re: Ap. # 12/214,316</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Ladies and Gentlemen:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Enclosed you
will find new prints of my Fuel Farm™ application per your request for improvements,
your letter of July 16, 2008.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I hope you
will find all in order.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Sincerely,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="border: medium none; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adrian Vance</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I became
aware of an opportunity to accelerate my review process if my invention were in
the area of (1) the environment, (2) energy (3) or I was over 65.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> So I wrote the following letter.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> In response a gentleman called from the USPTO
and informed that my age would be enough, would I send him a copy of my birth
certificate?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I FAXed it to him and heard
nothing, but soon found that my application had gone to the top of someone’s
heap.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The first
response came on March 9, 2009 in a form letter including a long list of flaws
and the accusation that I had copied my application from a foreign patent or
document!</span><span style="font-size: large;"> No citation or evidence was
given, but having dealt with other government bureaus I knew that these people
did not need to provide evidence or prove their cases.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> They are “government” you are crap.</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html">Continue to Correspondence</a> </span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html"><span style="font-size: large;">Table of Contents</span></a></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
Adrian Vance Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04697194847067151704noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4659674805571580160.post-15243014618656203272011-12-17T17:29:00.000-08:002011-12-26T09:28:21.527-08:00Correspondence<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adrian Vance, 1400 Ricca Court, Lakeport,
CA 95453
707-263-6739</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">March 29, 2009</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Carlos Barcena, Examiner</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Commissioner for Patents</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">P.O. Box
1450</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Alexandria,
VA 22313-1450</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Dear Mr. Barcena:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I was shocked
to be officially accused by an Examiner of the USPTO of having copied a foreign
patent without anything to prove it!</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Your
charge is unsupported.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Then, you denied
a claim with defective patent 3,664,134.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
Every chemistry student knows gases do not dissolve in aqueous solutions
at</span><span style="font-size: large;"> temperatures over 80 Celsius
degrees!</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This is not to be
excused.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> You are in my opinion angry,
careless and incompetent.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Furthermore,
you made an issue of the fact that I did not use “steps” in my claims.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> A search of all existing patents shows that
1,548,056 have that word in them which means that 80% are not valid by your
interpretation of </span><span style="font-size: large;"> 35 USC 112, which is
invalid as 35 USC 101 reads:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 7pt 0in 0in 68.35pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">35 U.S.C. 101 Inventions patentable.</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">“Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process,
machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful
improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefore, subject to the conditions
and requirements of this title.”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> And you
also cite 35 C 112 which reads:</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 7pt 0in 0in 68.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span class="SC229382" style="font-size: large;">35 U.S.C. 112 Specification.</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 7pt 0in 0in 68.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span class="SC229382" style="font-size: large;">“The specification shall contain a written description
of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such
full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the
art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make
and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor
of carrying out his invention.</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span class="SC229382" style="font-size: large;">The specification shall conclude with one or more
claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter
which the applicant regards as his invention.</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span class="SC229382" style="font-size: large;">A claim may be written in independent or, if the nature
of the case admits, in dependent or multiple dependent form.</span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span class="SC229382" style="font-size: large;">Subject to the following paragraph, a claim in
dependent form shall contain a reference to a claim previously set forth and
then specify a further limitation of the subject matter claimed. A claim in
dependent form shall be construed to incorporate by reference all the
limitations of the claim to which it refers.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span class="SC229382" style="font-size: large;">A claim
in multiple dependent form shall contain a reference, in the alternative only,
to more than one claim previously set forth and then specify a further
limitation of the subject matter claimed. A multiple dependent claim shall not
serve as a basis for any other multiple dependent claim. A multiple dependent
claim shall be construed to incorporate by reference all the limitations of the
particular claim in relation to which it is being considered.” </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> On reading
my original claims I saw no problem and after 58 years of writing for money am
considered knowledgeable of the language, but I have edited said claims (a
little lawyerly lingo) to try to comply with your needs.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In response
to your “Office Action Summary” received here on or about March 1, 2009, I
respond to “Detailed Action:”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Per “1.” – All applicable patents were listed.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> There are no publications calling for the use
of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 as an underground fertilizer.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Said literature only identifies CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 as “an aerial fertilizer” which is not our
method.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Per your
standards: Our listing was on a single sheet, but numbered in the set.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> We are here resubmitting it as a separate
sheet, unnumbered, and on USPTO Form 892 per your instruction.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Per “2.” – The abstract has been rewritten and where it was
104 words in two paragraphs.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It is now
72 words in one paragraph.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> We think the
language is clear and concise, not replete with idiomatic English or narrative
if you mean “story.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I have been on the
masthead of two national magazines, written for 12, contributed to articles in
The Smithsonian; have 325 screen credits in educational film for the largest
educational publishers in the world.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I
studied existing patents and the Nolo, David Pressman book for the format and
style.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I believe I hit the mark and
understand the process.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Per “Arrangement of the Specification”</u> - In the
resubmission we have followed the model.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
However, I have added one Figure, that of the “bomb” CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 generator as an illumination of Fig. 4, i.e.
Fig. 4a. It is well described in the document and not a material addition, only
an illumination.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> You say our
style is “narrative,” but I am not saying “Then I put…” or some such.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I have written and published over two million
words, much in narrative.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I know what it
is and this submission is not in story form, but unlike 80% of all patents it
is readable, understandable and utterly accurate. I have prepared edited and
“clean” versions per instruction.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Re: “Claim Objections”</u></span><span style="font-size: large;"> “They appear to be a literal translation into
English from a foreign document and are replete with grammatical and idiomatic
errors.”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I take
particular exception to this accusation, deny it out-of-hand and insist said
foreign document be produced or an apology follow as this is an accusation of
material theft, plagiarism, fraud and as professional harm is here done
actionable.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Where “I
claim:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> the use of carbon dioxide as
green plant fertilizer when applied to soil or water at any depth by any means
for feeding or fertilizing green plants of any kind to enhance growth and
reduce water transpired by such plants,” what is unclear?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Claim 3 did
not call for the use of carbon dioxide per your criticism and where it says, “I
claim:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> the use of elementary carbon
allotropes or “Fullerenes” as soil amendments, permanent carbon sinks and soil
improvements in terms of water retention and fertility as well as verifiable carbon
offsets.”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> What is in question?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> Do you
not understand “elementary” in reference to carbon as an element?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Nonetheless, all three have been rewritten to
deal with your unclear criticism. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I dispute and
challenge the idea these claims are “narrative,” idiomatic and indefinite or
failing to conform to current US practice unless you are insisting on the
archaic, staid practice of substituting “said” for every “the” as done by
patent attorneys.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> That is archaic, silly
and uncommunicative.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> It should be the
objective of patent language to be precise, not ridiculous.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Per: “Claim Rejections</u> – 35
USC § 102” “4” A person is entitled to a patent unless “(b) the invention was
patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country or
in public use or on sale in this country, more than one year prior to the date
of application for patent in the United States.”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> OK, put up
evidence or shut up and genuflect.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This
is false, baseless, reckless and insulting.</span><span style="font-size: large;">
How dare you impugn my integrity and reputation so recklessly?</span><span style="font-size: large;"> This is my concept and this patent should be
granted.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Per “5” “Claim 1 is rejected under
35 U.S.C. 102(b) as being anticipated by Seitz (3,664,134).”</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I object because the Seitz patent is fatally
flawed and invalid.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I found it and passed
on it knowing it is ridiculous.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> I here
cite:</span><span style="font-size: large;"> From “TheEngineeringToolbox.com” </span></b></div>
<h3>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide - <i>CO<sub>2</sub></i> - in Water</span></b></h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhalaGYzhXxaL98azGnatCbwFJHL1uiAhbVeBX8Tww0HGsr3XVeoMMubxBjFyTI3BOs9VNezXTTHy7eRJnRdjIqhmHHrTbUAx9Axe3re30OVb8Gy1Pm1v_h2Bnz8F_I9z2XHCiJHROvnQWf/s1600/CO2+Solubility.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhalaGYzhXxaL98azGnatCbwFJHL1uiAhbVeBX8Tww0HGsr3XVeoMMubxBjFyTI3BOs9VNezXTTHy7eRJnRdjIqhmHHrTbUAx9Axe3re30OVb8Gy1Pm1v_h2Bnz8F_I9z2XHCiJHROvnQWf/s320/CO2+Solubility.bmp" width="320" /></a></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> solubility is zero above 80 degrees Celsius by
graphic projection, extending the curve, or the Momentum Equation where in a
data sequence of figures A, B and C, to predict “D” equals C –[(B-C)^2/(A-B)
per iteration; the process moving forward to make “B,” the next “A,” “B,” the
next “C” and so on. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In this numeric projection the curve passes through
zero at 80 Celsius degrees which is in complete agreement with fact. Gases are insoluble in water above 80 Celsius
degrees according to every college Gen. Chem. text and this fact is employed to
prepare “aqua pura” for standardizing analytical reagents. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The
Seitz system will not work where the solution is boiling as it must when
directly impinged by gases he declares are at 600 Fahrenheit degrees, 315
Celsius! Calcium carbonate in aqueous
solution is totally dissociated over 75 Celsius degrees according to the CRC
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 51<sup>st</sup> Edition, 1970-71 and emits
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">
in response to more heat. The Seitz
patent is a fraud, but was approved and this was not the last of such patents
that I found. And, there lies a story.</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><u>Per “Conclusion”</u></span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I
am a first-time patent applicant, but studying this field revealed only one
patent in 1300 makes more than fees according to an SEC filing by the Davison
Patent Development organization. In my
own investigation of them I submitted a disclosure for a joke device called The
RectoLux as a test and they responded with a sales pitch. (See inclusion
RectoLux)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Seeking Professional Help</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">I
contacted ten organizations. Eight
responded with sales pitches, one ignored me and the Invention Home Corp. in Pennsylvania called
thanking me for a good laugh, the reaction for which I was looking. I paid them $400 for a patent search, but it
was less effective than mine. I
complained and they put me in contact with James Ray & Associates, their
patent attorneys. Mr. Ray apologized for
the poor work begging off that searchers “only have so much time.” But, they had charged me $400 for a
“professional job.”</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Mr. Ray
expressed great enthusiasm for my concept and wanted to file a provisional
without additional money so I agreed and his interest was such that he wanted
to partner with me, but later wanted $8,000 more for filing a final. By then I had other problems him and
dissolved the partnership.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> According
to the literature, patent blogs and patent groups on Yahoo, 25% of all patents
are submitted by individuals. I read 250
patents, noting that 62 of them were without lawyers. That is 25% confirming the quoted figure. I
quickly noticed these patents were flawless, but attorney prepped patents were
not. I did not analyze all 250 patents,
but did analyze my ten. </span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
my application I cite the ten applicable patents. Three were by individuals, 30%. Two were flawless, one was fraudulent, while
in those prepared by lawyers I found 92 errors; all eight wounded fatally. To wit:</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
US Patent 3,099,898 by M.J Harris, Jr. entitled “Agricultural Process and
Apparatus for Carrying Out The Same,” a very curious title, but in reference US
Patent 2,943,419 of which it is a copy.
Why 3,099,898 was filed, much less approved, is in question as it is the
same document, save an introductory paragraph.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I
am prepared to dissect this patent, but here offer a summary: The disclosure calls for taking exhaust from
a farm tractor engine to make a variety of products for fertilization of farm
crops in the field. How a small,
one-cylinder compressor deals with exhaust of a much larger multi-cylinder
engine is the first issue, but it is then followed by two devices worthy of
Star Trek ostensibly for sorting molecules.
</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In the
first case exhaust gases are sent by an undefined “sonic device,” of unstated
function, then through a circuitous path to a large chamber where it is claimed
light gas molecules exit the top tube, heavier gases are to exit through a
lower tube and liquid water goes to the bottom tube. This is only accomplished if molecules are
under intelligent control, having tiny pilots, Satanic or Divine Intervention. Where none are likely this is nonsense.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The
inventor offers an alternative including a “Venturi scrubber” with an undefined
function and no provision for “scrubbing,” or removal of said “scrubbed gas,”
and a “centrifugal separator” with no provision for spinning anything. Again
there are exit ports for “lighter gases” and “heavier gases” apparently by
molecular intelligence, Satanic or Divine Intervention.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I
feel US Patents 2,943,419 and clone 3,099,898, are utter frauds and am shocked
they were approved.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
US Patent 4,133,671 by the Attorneys Fulwider, Patton, Richer, Rieber, Lee and
Utecht, I found in the Abstract misspelling for “Diesel,” a surname,
capitalization required. The error appears throughout this patent. It is not a typo. It is ignorance, stupidity or both.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In the
abstract I found the colloquial, “so as to” twice and the comma missing in
“treated, enriched water” where it would be important in a court case arguing
concept definition. </span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
section 1 of the patent, line 24, it says “certain areas” without
identification or qualification, i.e. “Certain what or where?” </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In
section 1, line 31 a “suitable irrigation network” is called for, but not
defined anywhere in the document. This
is sloppy in a document where perfection is the standard with fees in five
figures. Attorneys are not paid for Gucci
loafers, Armani suits and roller briefcases.
They are valued per product and this fails.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On line
34 the word “simulate” is substituted for “stimulate” in the most critical
place ruining the document rendering it indefensible in court.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In line
48 “diesel” is again used and “of course” lies between two commas, but is
meaningless; perhaps copied from a foreign document?</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In line
54 we are told nitrogen is converted, “at least to some extent” where the
fraction is critical thus putting into question the fertilizer claim, the
backbone of the concept, nonetheless the patent was granted. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In line
57 we are told the gases sought are “at least partially soluble in water or
capable of being suspended in water…” with no references cited or properties
validated anywhere in the document with regard to this critical issue. The real
numbers in the literature and references are not supportive.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In line
60 we see, “Fortuitously” used idiomatically; not acceptable in a patent by
your standards.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
the “Summary of the Invention,” Section 2, line 6, we see, “Briefly, and in
general terms,” and in line 12, “Basically,” bring us to an admonition, “No, we
would like to see thoroughly and complete terms” as well as cut the “Basically”
and define the disclosure. This is a
patent! Again on line 14 we see
“diesel,” by said committee of language challenged lawyers.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> On
lines 35 and 36 we see “…beneficially lowers the pH of water used to irrigate
and fertilize crops.” Whether or not
lowering the pH is beneficial depends on soil factors. Lowering pH is harmful to acid soils.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Page
6, lines 9 – 15, The applicant claims it is very easy to tap into natural gas
sufficient to run an engine for pumping water for irrigation and the gas would
be otherwise wasted. Gas wells cost tens
of thousands of Dollars and often contain impurities requiring expensive
refining dealing with sulfur. The author
has a cavalier attitude with regard to the availability of natural gas, its’
cost and economics. Again on line 55 we
see “diesel.”</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Thus
US Patent 4,133,671 by Fulwider, Patton, Richer, Rieber & Lee is invalid in
my opinion.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
US Patent 4,632,044 by Harrington Lackey, Esq. we found a most remarkable
sentence page 2, lines 31-36:
“Maintenance of the heat in the gaseous mixtures is important in order
to maintain many of the nutrient elements in their ionic form, so that they
react more productively with the microorganisms in the soil to produce the
nutrients utilized by the plants.” </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">To a
chemist, chemical engineer or biologist this is shocking: Very high temperatures are required to
generate plasmas, the ionized state of matter. They have very low density; fall
back to the elementary state on contact with solids as they have virtually no
mass and little heat, but are toxic.
Were they to keep high temperatures and charges they would kill all
living material on contact; not a desirable outcome.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
page 3, line 47, we again see an uncapitalized “diesel” error. Before a really cranky Germanic judge this
could be fatal.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
page 4, lines 57- 60, we see: “The
operator starts the tractor by igniting the engine and guiding the powered
tractor over the field along the desired rows in which it is desired to
introduce the nutrients.” “Igniting the
engine?” Is that colloquial, idiomatic
or just idiotic? So much for Attorney
Lackey in spite of his remarkably appropriate surname.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
the claims section said Lackey peppers us with 40 “saids” when he apparently
ran out of “the’s” in a document that should not have had so many errors, flaws
and confusions given what Mr. Sebree J. Allen, Route 2, Kevil, Kentucky surely
paid for it. </span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
our opinion US Patent 4,632,044 is invalidated by attorney errors.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> US
Patent 4,675,165 by Ross & Dubno, Esq. has few mistakes, but it is from a
foreign patent likely translated by a linguist perhaps unfamiliar with patent
prose, but literate and proving a law degree is not required to edit a patent. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The
error “re-afforesting,” page 1, line 48, is likely a literal German translation
which is understandable in context, but an error that should not have eluded
American lawyers. Similarly, in page 3,
line 11, said patent refers to “hobby gardeners” when “amateur” should have
been used. While it is understandable it
is not standard English. On line 14 of
the same page we see, “In stallation” where “Installation” should be; a
typographic error but unforgivable in a document for which five figures were
likely charged. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The
most outstanding error is on page 4, lines 6 – 11, “Owing to the arrangement, the gas chiefly present in the outer
layers of the liquid first, is quickly added to the liquid by blending of all
layers of the cross section of flow and is homogeneously distributed in the
stream thus favoring the re-intake of gas in the subsequent impregnation
stage.” This could have been reduced to
“the gases mix…” That such fluid flows are laminar is nonsense.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">For
what these people charge we can only suppose they must produce many words were
few will do to give themselves opportunities to argue for days in court when a
clear, simple statement would not have put so many windows and doors for
infringers, but then what would lawyers have to do?</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Again,
in page 4, line 67, we see “hobby gardeners” where “amateurs” should be. This patent may not be fatally flawed, but it
is a poor example of lawyerly craft where it had a better-than-average chance
to be perfect.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">US</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Patent 5,044,117 by Herbert Dubno, Esq. is based on
the concept there is an optimum ratio for carbon dioxide and oxygen dissolved
in water. This is not found in the literature nor does the inventor offer
experimental data. While this may not
invalidate the patent in the eyes of the USPTO it is untenable in peer reviewed
journals or court. We felt Attorney
Dubno was careless. And, he soundly
confirmed it in body of the work:</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In page
2, lines 7 – 10 we read, “It is essential in this case that the content of
carbon dioxide in the water be considerably higher than normally found in the
water coming from the supply system.”
Where CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> is rarely found in wells this goes without saying. The number of naturally carbonated springs,
as in Perrier, France, is very small and the
degree of carbonation is slight, certainly nothing like prepared “soda.” What
is referred to as “natural pinpoint carbonation” is in fact
under-carbonation. If CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> bubbles are
very small in water it is because there is very little gas there to make them.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On page
2, line 28 we see, “In a good humus soil, up to 5 kg of carbon dioxide gas is
produced per hectare and according to the Gay Lussac law, exchanged against proportional
amounts of oxygen.” This is science
fraud. Gay-Lussac defines the Kelvin
temperature/pressure relationship in gases where Tk/p = K, a constant. “Tk” is
degrees Kelvin and “p” is pressure in mm of mercury. This has nothing to do with gas exchange. It
is obviously not patent attorneys’ practice to have trained specialists review
applications. No chemist would let this
pass. It invalidates the entire patent. It is a gross misrepresentation of the
Gay-Lussac Law and a fraud thereby.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On page
2, line 48, we see the, “used-up” colloquialism which apparently is OK for an
attorney, but not a lay person.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On page
2, lines 58 – 61, we see, “For instance, normally clean water at atmospheric
pressure and at room temperature can absorb 0.88 l carbon dioxide gas, but only
0.03 l oxygen.” However, the quantity of
water into which the “0.88 l” or “0.03 l” is dissolved is not given. If it is one liter then at what temperature? The solubility of gases varies greatly and
inversely with temperature as we have previously shown.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Gas
solubility in water is zero for all gases at any temperature over 80 Celsius
degrees. According to Lange’s Handbook
of Chemistry and Physics, 7<sup>th</sup> Edition, the solubility of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> in “cold
water” is 1.713 liters of gas per liter of water. “Cold water” is now 25 Celsius degrees or 77
Fahrenheit degrees where it was 0 Celsius degrees before labs were heated. This work is unforgivably sloppy, inaccurate
and misleading; certainly not worthy of a US Patent and it should be
disqualified.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On page
3, lines 41 – 45, we see, “Further, it is essential that a constant mixing
ratio between the gases be maintained, which corresponds to the natural
proportion of these gases in clean water at room temperature. This way it is avoided that one gas expells
(sic) the other from the solution.” In
addition to a misspelled word, this sentence is nonsense. Water used in irrigation has no CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">. Wells have none and rain has very little as
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">
is a trace gas in the atmosphere, 0.038%, and raindrops appear to have very
little gas capture ability as rain analysis shows no CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">, but this may
reflect trace testing difficulty more than actual concentration. In an analysis of rain by “Treebox” at <a href="http://www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=25712">http://www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=25712</a></span><span style="font-size: large;"> CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> is not mentioned as a component of rain indicating in
their analyses none was found. Thus, the
basic tenet of this patent, that there is a “natural ratio between CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> and O</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">” is false and
the patent should be rescinded.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">US Patent
5,671,887, prepared by the inventor without the aid of an attorney has no
errors, misspelled words or nonsensical content. It is perfect.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">US
Patent 5,682,709 by Paul T. Parker, Esq. on page 2, lines 55 – 58 says, “Pulses
of carbon dioxide concentrations can be used to flood the crops with carbon
dioxide, thereby displacing the oxygen next to the plants and suffocating
unwanted insects.” This is nonsense as
molecules are not under intelligent control nor is there Satanic or Divine
Intervention. If cold CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> displaces
anything it displaces air that is 20% oxygen.
However, CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> mixes with air and insects survive such mixtures as
CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">
is not toxic. It is hard to imagine an
outdoor circumstance where CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> could remain over any field without mixing and cause
insects to do more than sneeze. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On page
3, lines 25 – 31 reads, “Attempts have also been made to irrigate plants with
carbonated water. The concept is that
carbonated water would release carbon dioxide into the plants as the carbon
dioxide escapes from the water. These
attempts, however, have proven deficient because such carbon dioxide has a low
density and merely rises in the ambient air.”
</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Obviously,
the inventor did not try it as plants do very well on carbonated water. We have done it and it works, but water is
not a good delivery medium for CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> as it is only 0.2% efficient in terms of delivery.
And, using carbonated water to support growth multiplies the amount of water
required in agriculture by a factor of 2 billion if all CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> is to come
from aqueous solutions. Agricultural
water is already 70% of all water. Using water to deliver CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> could not be
met with all the available water.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 5,
lines 29 - 33 we see, “The method may also include the further steps of
encapsulating the carbon dioxide after it has been captured, and hauling the
encapsulated carbon dioxide to an underground void,” is a meaningless sentence
as “encapsulating” is not here defined.
Inasmuch as capsules are defined as small containers this needs
explanation.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 5,
lines 41 – 44, “In order to prevent carbon dioxide from entering the
atmosphere, the method of the invention involves capturing the carbon dioxide
after it has been produced.” This is
nonsense. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 6,
lines 29 – 32, “Carbon dioxide may also be collected from composting areas by
covering the composting areas and pumping oxygen into the enclosure, thereby
expelling the carbon dioxide.” This is
nonsense and again calls for molecular intelligent control, tiny pilots, Satan
or God. The gases would mix as they do
making air, therefore this is a fatal flaw in said patent where the entire
concept is predicated on a false idea.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 7,
lines 51 – 54, “Therefore, by increasing the density of the carbon dioxide
before it is delivered to the plant, the carbon dioxide stays in close
proximity to the plants during the photosynthesis process.” Where photosynthesis takes place only in
sunlight and CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> absorbs infrared from sunlight it will heat, expand
and escape. It is this capability and
behavior on which the anthropogenic “global warming” hypothesis is predicated.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> The same error is repeated on page 7 in lines
64 – 67 when Paul T. Parker, Esq. writes, “By reducing the temperature of the
carbon dioxide the density of the carbon dioxide will be increased sufficiently
to permit the carbon dioxide to stay in close proximity to the plants until it
can be absorbed by the plants.” Again,
more molecules with tiny pilots, Satan or God, maybe for attorney Spider Man,
but not for us.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On page
8, line 2 we see the word “densified.”
This is not defined in any reference and highlighted by every
spell-checker. It is required that a
patent stay within the bounds of our technology and language, therefore no
“perpetual motion machines” or “molecules under intelligent control,” “Satanic or Divine Intervention.”</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On page
8, line 36, we see, “right-of-ways” and are sure he means “rights of way,” a
curious error for a Doctor of Law.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On page
9, line 12 the word “densified” is again used and it appears in line 17 and 19
thus we conclude Attorney Parker is at least consistent in his linguistic
intransigence there making our challenge an easy case against a comic book
super-hero Attorney in disguise.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The
disclosure is clean until on page 10, line 41 we see, “It will be appreciated
that carbon dioxide may be delivered at other temperatures, and in fact, the
cooling effect of the cooled carbon dioxide may keep the temperature next to
the plants between 70°-80° F. even though the ambient temperature is higher,
such as 90° F or more.” </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Are we
to believe even if carbon dioxide had been delivered as liquid or solid at -78
Celsius degrees, warmed to a gas then put in an underground “void” there being
“densified” would thus become a magical substance that does not mix with air or
absorb infrared radiation per physics, but seek and remain by green plants
waiting to be absorbed in photosynthesis?
This is a fable penned by a patent attorney who only omitted the Wicked
Witch of the North. This piece should be
entitled, “Fables in Physics and Chemistry by Paul T. Parker, Esq.” </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Additional
errors of substance appear on page 11, lines 7 - 16, regarding sewage for which
said P. T. Parker, JD, seems to have special feeling, reaching a crescendo in
lines 28 – 30, climaxing in lines 39 – 42 where he loads sewage onto a tanker
ship and sails into the sunset. This is
virtually symphonic and worthy of a 1950’s MovieTone travelogue. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">In a
final note regarding US Patent 5,682,709 we note that in Claim 3, page 13,
lines 30 - 31 “encapsulating is defined as, “encapsulating step comprises
putting the carbon dioxide into a tanker rail car,” and so the mystery is
resolved in what has been a patent attorney’s “tour de force.” </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">US
Patent 6,241,163 was prepared by inventor Artie J. Brenner, Chamblee, GA
and is without flaws. No attorney
touched it.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">US</span><span style="font-size: large;"> Patent 6,447,437 demonstrates that a committee can
generate more bizarre errors than a lone lawman. The firm of Ackerman, Senterfitt & Eidson, PA
invented a compound for which there is no reference, name or data, “(NH</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">CO.” The equations would not balance without said
fantasy compound, but its’ incorporation utterly invalidates the patent two
ways:</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">The
fantasy compound, (NH</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">CO appears prominently in all figures on pages 2, 4, 7
and 10. The patent also notes, “large
quantities of cost-free CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> available,” but we have been unable to find any such
sources. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Where
the objective of this patent is to substitute carbonate for nitrate to reduce
pollution of streams the chemistry could be straight-forward, but here it is
not. We can only speculate the inventor
and/or attorneys are trying to skirt an existing patent. This should have been obvious to said
Examiner.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Another
notable error in this patent is seen on page 6, lines 27 – 29 where we read,
“Water can physically hold a maximum of about 40 mM of aqueous CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> at ambient
temperature and pressure before a gas phase of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2 </span><span style="font-size: large;">is formed.” No water volume is given, but we assume it to
be one milliliter where the “mM,” micromole unit, is used. According to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics the quantity is 7.6 X 10^-5 or 0.000076 moles/ml or mM, micromole,
an error greater than 500,000:1! This
alone should kill the patent.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">On page
7, lines 1 – 6, we see, “The reason that soils commonly have much higher
retaining affinity for positively charged ions such as NH</span><span style="font-size: large;">4</span><span style="font-size: large;">+ than for
negatively charged species such as HCO</span><span style="font-size: large;">3</span><span style="font-size: large;">¯ is that soil particles carry mostly negative surface
charges, which attract positively charged ions but repel negatively charged
species.” Utter nonsense: The “ground” is neutral with respect to
charge in fact and convention. With no
citation this is fatal. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Approaching
charged particles impresses a small, temporary opposite charge on a molecule by
displacing “S” electrons as they are free to move on atoms, per quantum
mechanics, rending said atoms polar expressing Van der Waals forces. These are not full, complete or permanent
charges and resolve when molecules contact.
This is the mechanism of weak bonding forces and yet another fine
example of why attorneys should not write technical patents. Nonetheless, this process could be reduced to
a “Turbo-Tax” type expert system and eliminate error-prone attorneys.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 7,
lines 44 – 47, we read, “Consequently, it is possible to use this invention, CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> solidifying
fertilizer production and its product application with
soil-groundwater-mediated sequestration of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">, for at least 100 years.” There is no way this statement can be
validated. It is not supported by the
literature. Carbonates put in soil stay
a millisecond, minute, month, millennium or an eon; no one knows which. There are too many variables.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 7,
line 63, includes the fantasy compound, “(NH</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">CO.”</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 8,
lines 9 – 16, “Since nitrogen fertilizer generally allows photosynthetic
organisms to synthesize more “green machines” (photosynthetic reaction centers
and enzymes), supplying NH</span><span style="font-size: large;">4</span><span style="font-size: large;">HCO</span><span style="font-size: large;">3</span><span style="font-size: large;"> and (NH</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">CO to crops not only sends the solidified CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> into the
field, where it is supposed to be, but also “catalyzes” plant photosynthesis to
fix many additional molecules of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> from the atmosphere.”
Small amounts of nitrogen are involved in photosynthesis, but by far
most is used to make proteins for the lignous material holding cells together
or DNA. This is a misrepresentation of
the facts.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 8,
lines 12 – 16, “Production of one molecule of NH</span><span style="font-size: large;">4</span><span style="font-size: large;">HCO</span><span style="font-size: large;">3</span><span style="font-size: large;"> requires only
3/8 molecule of CH</span><span style="font-size: large;">4</span><span style="font-size: large;">. Therefore,
input of one CH</span><span style="font-size: large;">4</span><span style="font-size: large;"> molecule through the use of this invention could
result in sequestration of approxi-mately 62 molecules of CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> by
photosynthesis biomass production.” This
is nonsense: Chemistry does not work
with odd fractions of molecules. Atoms
are the smallest units of elements.
Molecules do not have odd fractions.
CH</span><span style="font-size: large;">4</span><span style="font-size: large;"> is ¾ carbon and ¼ hydrogen by mass or 1/5<sup>th</sup> carbon and 4/5<sup>th</sup>
hydrogen by number. The fraction “3/8”
has no place in any discussion of methane, CH</span><span style="font-size: large;">4,</span><span style="font-size: large;"> and how a part of one molecule
could command 62 molecules is more Satanic or Divine Intervention.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 8,
line 36 again includes mythical compound “(NH</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">)</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">CO)” but this time with an extra
bracket making it chemically ridiculous and worthy of an “F” in a junior high
school general science test much less a patent. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Page 10
is replete with the mythical compound which we would call “ammoniacal
carbonone” in anticipation of the International Union of Pure and Applied
chemists nomenclature committee should this compound ever be synthesized. In addition Akerman, Senterfitt & Eidson
have seen fit to declare this mythical compound insoluble for more false
claims. Declaring physical attributes
for this compound constitutes fraud as it is one thing to make a mistake in a
formula, but quite another to then claim properties for it.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">This
patent is from Hell and should be voided.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">US
Patent 7,055,325 by the firm of Thompson, Thompson & Thompson is clean
until we get to page 4, lines 53 – 61 when we read: “The filtered gases then
pass through an optional centrifugal separator that splits the NO (nitrogen
oxide) from the CO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;"> and any water vapor (H</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">O) that may still be present
along with minor amounts of NO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">, SO</span><span style="font-size: large;">2</span><span style="font-size: large;">, and other possibly volatilized trace minerals. The energy released from the centrifugal
separ-ator can be utilized in a refrigerant working fluid system to power a
second turbine to create electricity. An
example of such a system is described in US Patent No. 5,146,755.”</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Having
not heard of a centrifugal separator for low molecular weight gases, nor any
such machine producing usable energy I read No. 5,146,755 anxiously to see said
machine was cited as “optional” and not described in that patent, but it was
referred as being in patents 4,711,093, 3,978,663 and 2,955,917. None of these three contained any such
apparatus. Searches for “centrifugal”
and substrings, “cent” and “fug,” came up empty. While there are other faults in the patent we
would question, this is a misrepresentation and overlooked by examiner Hoang
Nguyen.</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusions </span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I
have carefully examined the ten patents with concepts most like my own to find
two prepared by inventors are flawless while a third fraudulent. The seven prepared by attorneys have many
flaws, some fraudulent, with all fatally rendered in my opinion. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Whether
or not intentional deceptions were done I cannot conclude in six cases, but it
seems obvious in US Patent 7,055,325 a clear deception was perpetrated. Given the exorbitant fees charged by attorneys
we wonder why they are not required to employ experts to review submissions and
why are USPTO Examiners are not prepared to see basic science frauds? Under valid protocols we would have had to
deal with 80% less patents, not suffer insults and have respect for the
process.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I
feel the bias against direct inventor submission is clear in your letter. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">I
conclude the US Patent Office is now a full employment bureau for patent
attorneys and incompetent Examiners. The
Examiners pass defective patents that land in courts if used and given
excessively layered language will need many days in trial to generate enormous
fees for losing cases. The only saving grace is that only 0.07% come to life,
one of 1300.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I
conclude the US Patent Office is a cause of secrecy in technology that is
destructive of science, the discipline that has given us the modern world. If this continues we will enter a Dark Age as
secrecy will destroy science and our society just as Islam did in the 11<sup>th</sup>
century when it crushed Moorish science that was then 1,000 years ahead of that
in Europe.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I
conclude it is in the national interest to overhaul the US Patent Office to
make it objective as it clearly is not today.
Patent submission could be and should be reduced to an expert system for
the people and the advancement of science and technology.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
this work I have tried to make a contribution to our economy as I sincerely
believe the anthropogenic global warming hypothesis is false and not supported
by the physics. Carbon dioxide is a
trace gas in air and responsible for only 0.07% of all atmospheric heating as
water vapor is responsible for 99.93%, but control and taxing carbon will give
the elected class more power than anything since the signing of the Magna
Carta, so it will happen. Without
something like SCAF America will fail by losing most of its’ energy. Alternative energy is long coming, very
expensive and presently unreliable.</span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">It was
my objective to turn a huge negative for America into a great positive.
My ideas will turn a million acres of waste land into seas of grain feeding the world. The greatest weapons for peace are food and
free trade. </span></b></div>
<div class="center" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">SCAF
will free most of the water now used in agriculture, which is 70% of all
water. This triples water supplies to
support 300% more people without drilling another well or drawing another lake.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I
urge you to approve this patent as soon as possible in the name of national
security. It is the best work of my long
life in science and writing.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Sincerely,</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adrian Vance</span></b></div>
<div style="border: medium none; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;">
<div class="center" style="border: medium none; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Copies
to: Mr. J. A. Lorengo, USPTO, The
Honorable Michael Thompson, Member of Congress, First District, California, The
Honorable Henry A. Waxman, Chairman House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
Bert Gordon, Chair House Committee on Science & Technology, Secretary of
Commerce, The Honorable Gary Locke</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> My
strategy was to take enough time and prepare a good case as one was clearly
possible given all their mistakes. I was
shocked to see how deep it was. Not only
had they made careless accusations, i.e. the “foreign patent,” but they cited a
flawed patent that anyone with a smattering of high school or college chemistry
should realize should never have been granted.
Then they capped their performance by finding me at fault for not using
the word “step” when 80% of all granted patents do not have it and it is one of
the few words for which there is no synonym!
</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> With
respect to tactics, I sent copies to officials in charge of and responsible for
the US Patent Office, The Department of Commerce and Members of Congress of
chairing applicable committees. Finally,
I sent a copy to my own Congressman. Of
course none of these officials lifted a finger, but it never hurts to try.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> To
date, March 2010, the application is in limbo, apparently having become a
patent pending in perpetuity. We have
omitted the claims in this document to preserve and empower our position.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> We
feel this technology will come to life at some point and these events have insured
that my widow, or heirs, will be able to capitalize on it as we have an officially
documented a prior claim in the US Patent Office. It cannot get much better than that as the
lady I have in mind for my next wife is very sharp, has an MBA and can
prosecute this case.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> In
addition to this book we have 600 pages of documents and letters proving our
contentions and including our claims.
They exist in perpetuity within the patent office, but where they were
controversial at the time of filing and will prove an embarrassment when
revealed we feel our originals are important if not the key to successfully
prosecuting this case as the USPTO will destroy them if they think they can get
away with it.</span></b></div>
<div class="center">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> I
have no doubt that what I have discovered and put to work in this invention
will be rediscovered and implemented in much the same way either by an
engineering committee at a major agriculture equipment maker or in an academic
institution. Certainly, I would like to
have credit for the discovery, even posthumously, but am more interested in
seeing the concept come to life and serve man by turning carbon into gold.</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="center" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Adrian Vance</span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://co2au.blogspot.com/2011/12/normal-0-false-false-false_26.html">Table of Contents </a></span></b></div>
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